| The Interactive Model Railroad | |
| Technical University of Freiberg | |
| Germany |
| Began at University of Ulm, ~ 6/19/95 | |
| Early reactions: �frivolous� | |
| Real-time video | |
| Mechanical control for user/visitor | |
| So what?� |
| So what?� | ||
| First example of a �hack�� There is an excellent article on the term �hacker� at TechRepublic. | ||
| Anticipating the future� | ||
| What is the Internet? |
| A global network of networks, including their wires, fibers, and routers (switches) |
| A global network of networks, including their wires, fibers, and routers (switches) | |
| The computers connected to each network | |
| A book of �IP� addresses that tells each computer where all the others are | |
| The protocols (rules) � �TCP/IP� � that tell the computers how to talk to each other |
| TCP = Transmission Control Protocol | |
| IP = Internet Protocol | |
| TCP/IP describes the rules for transmitting small packets of bits (0s and 1s) from one computer to another. |
| Each computer on the Internet is uniquely identified so that it can be addressed. | ||
| It may have: | ||
| a name � for example, www.albany.edu | ||
| But it must have: | ||
| an IP address � 169.226.1.110 | ||
| The translation or resolution of the name to the address is done by a �domain name server� (DNS), the white pages of the Internet. | |
| There are thousands of DNSs around the world, and they all know that: | |
| 169.226.1.110 = www.albany.edu | |
| and vice versa. |
| Notice that the IP address is hierarchical, like a phone number or street address: | |
| 169.226.1.110 = www.albany.edu | |
| 518-442-3300, or 415-442-3300, x. 118 | |
| But notice that the domain name is a different kind of hierarchy � social, not technical. |
| Original domain categories in the U.S.: | |
| .com � businesses | |
| .edu � educational institutions | |
| .gov � government agencies | |
| .mil � military units | |
| .net � networks | |
| .org � non-profit organizations |
| New Top-Level Domains: | |
| .aero, .biz, .info, .name, .pro, etc. | |
| Other government sites within U.S.: | |
| state.ny.us | |
| Country codes: | |
| .at, .au, .ca, .de, .fr, .uk, etc. | |
| this.is/allaboutme |
| http://www.iana.org/domain-names.htm | |
| IANA � Internet Assigned Numbers Authority | |
| which gave way in 1998 to� | |
| ICANN � Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers | |
| To the extent anyone is in charge, it�s ICANN. |
| When was the Internet? |
| 1961 � Len Kleinrock (then at MIT, now at UCLA) developed theory of �packet switching,� describing how data could behave on a highway where collisions were not only allowed but expected!! | |
| 1964 � Paul Baran (RAND Corp.) used packet theory to develop idea of a network that could survive major outages�. |
| Packets |
| Here are the minimum things each needs: | |
| An address (IP number) | |
| An addressee, e.g., someone@� | |
| Something to indicate order or sequence | |
| A portion of the message (Why not all?�) |
| How would that work here in LC 18?� | |
| We need an address:� 18.2.9.7 | |
| And right away we�re stuck.� What does this mean?� How do we find out?� | |
| We need a DNS server, which we�ll use in reverse� going from �number� to �name� |
| Our hypothetical LC addresses, by analogy with IP addresses, are quadruples: | |
| LC (room) # . side of room . row # . seat # | |
| where left/right side (from front) is 1/2, row is from the front, and seat is from the aisle. | |
| So where is 18.2.9.7?� | |
| is so | |
| ISP100 | |
| Kris | |
| Matt | |
| Prof. D | |
| says | |
| Maybe there�s more?� | |
| How would we find out? | |
| How could we get the missing piece(s)? | |
| What abstract concept(s) does this connect back to?�� Redundancy & Shannon�s semantic problem |
| Back to | |
| When was the Internet? |
| 1965 � Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the Pentagon funded the first experimental connection between a computer at MIT and one in California� over a 1200 bps phone line.� (The University�s backbone today is 10,000,000 bps, with 100,000,000 bps on the drawing board.) |
| 1966 � Robert Taylor, an ARPA funding manager, got fed up.� He proposed networking computers around the country� mainframes� four of them.� His boss said �OK� and gave him $1M after a 20-minute conversation�.� There was only one small problem:� no one knew how to do this! |
| 1966-69 � ARPA awarded a contract to Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), an architectural consulting firm in Boston to design and build �ARPANET,� the direct ancestor of today�s Internet, with a starting configuration of four nodes! |
| 8/30/69 UCLA | |
| 10/1/69 SRI | |
| 10/29/69 1st message, UCLA to SRI | |
| 11/1/69 UCSB | |
| 12/?/69 University of Utah� ski season� | |
| By 1971, there were 23 �hosts� (computers) at 15 �nodes� in CA, UT, IL, MI, PA, & MA | |
| 1972 � Ray Tomlinson chooses �@� as connector for userid and address | |
| 1973 � 75% of all ARPANET traffic is email | |
| 1974 � BBN creates Telenet, first public network | |
| 1975 � first mailing list, MsgGroup, forerunner of listservs |
| Late 1970s � other networks built, such as Tymnet and THEORYNET (academic) | |
| 4/12/79 � Kevin MacKenzie invents the �emoticon��� :-) | |
| 10/27/80 � first accidental virus shuts down ARPANET | |
| 1984 � number of hosts breaks 1000, William Gibson coins �cyberspace� |
| 1986 � National Science Foundation creates NSFNET and regional networks including NYSERNET, running at 56,000 bps | |
| 1987 � number of hosts breaks 10,000 | |
| 1988 � NSFNET upgraded to 1,500,000 bps | |
| 1989 � number of hosts breaks 100,000 | |
| 1992 � number of hosts breaks 1,000,000 |
| 1973 � universities in UK and Norway | |
| 1982 � Netherlands-Denmark-Sweden-UK | |
| 1983 � Germany-Korea | |
| 1984 � Japan, Soviet Union | |
| 1985 � Canada | |
| (1986 � NSFNET created in U.S.) | |
| 1988-90 � CA, DK, FI, FR, IS, NO, SE; AU, DE, IL, IT, JP, MX, NL, NZ, UK; AR, AT, BE, BR, CL, GR, IN, IE, KR, ES, CH connect to NSFNET |
| 1990 � original ARPANET shut down | |
| 1991 � NSFNET upgraded to 45,000,000 bps | |
| 1991 � Tim Berners-Lee invents World Wide Web, CERN releases software | |
| 1993 � Marc Andreesen at U. of IL invents browser | |
| 1994 � Arizona law firm sends first �spam,� first Pizza Hut takes orders online | |
| 1995 � Internet becomes commercial, AltaVista goes online in December |