Programs in archaeological, bio-anthropological, and ethnological fieldwork are available, with the Northeast and Mesoamerica being the most frequent locations. The archaeology program provides intensive training and/or research opportunities through research programs in Mexico, Belize, and New York State. Laboratory research experience, both in formal courses and as independent projects, is available in archaeology and biological anthropology.

Degree Requirements for the Major in Anthropology

General Program B.A.: A minimum of 36 credits in anthropology including A Ant 102, 104, 108M or 108G, and 106M or 220M. Of the 24 additional credits in anthropology, no more than 6 may be at the 100 level and at least 12 must be at the 300 level or above.

Honors Program

Outstanding anthropology students are encouraged to consider the department's honors program, which is designed to give them the opportunity to work closely with members of the faculty on research and writing projects. Declared majors in anthropology are eligible to apply, provided that they have completed 12 or more credits in the department with a grade point average in the major of at least 3.50. They must also have an overall grade point average of at least 3.25. To participate in the program, students should contact their adviser during their junior year or at the beginning of their senior year. Students should plan their course work in consultation with their faculty adviser.

Students in the honors program must fulfill the requirements for the major plus the following requirements:

1. Among the 36 credits of course work in anthropology required for the major, students in the honors program must complete courses at the 300 and 400 level in at least three of the four subdisciplines, for a total of 12 credits.

   Biological Anthropology: 310, 313, 315, 319, 411, 412, 413, 418Z.

   Linguistics: 321, 322, 325, 421, 422, 424.

   Archaeology: 310, 331, 332, 335, 338, 339, 430, 431, 433, 435, 438.

   Ethnology: 351, 351Z, 355, 360, 360Z, 361, 361Z, 363, 364, 372, 372Z, 381, 381Z, 450, 450Z, 480.

   Nondisciplinary: 497

2. An honors thesis based upon original field and/or library research under the direction of an anthropology faculty member. Any faculty member knowledgeable in a topic may supervise a thesis project. A written proposal for the intended project must be formally approved by that faculty member and the departmental undergraduate affairs committee before the beginning of the senior year. The project will be submitted in the final form by the end of the student's senior year. Students will enroll in A Ant 482A and 482B, "Senior Honors Thesis Seminar," during the fall and spring of their senior year. The instructor of record in this seminar will oversee students' work on their thesis projects and coordinate advisement with the faculty member supervising each student's project. Students in the seminar will present periodic progress reports, criticize each other's work and deliver an oral summary of the completed thesis.

3. Students must enroll in both 482A and 482B, for a total of 6 credits. These credits will be counted toward the 36 credits required for the major.

4. Research Skill: 6 credits of foreign language or an appropriate research tool or skill. If a student selects a foreign language for this requirement, he or she must demonstrate proficiency equivalent to one year of college-level foreign language; (see department chair for further details). For research tools, students must satisfactorily complete an approved course in statistics and an additional 3 credits, as agreed to by the adviser, such as a course in computing.

Any equivalencies or exceptions to these requirements must be approved by the undergraduate affairs committee of the Anthropology Department.

To graduate with "honors in anthropology," students must achieve an overall grade point average of 3.25 and a minimum grade point average of 3.50 in the major in addition to satisfactorily completing all of the above requirements.

The Human Biology program is an interdepartmental (Anthropology and Biology) combined major/minor designed for students interested in a liberal arts education with particular focus on the human organism. It provides a strong background in human evolution, structure, function and behavior. This program is especially suitable for those seeking careers (e.g. business, administration, journalism, public health) that deal directly or indirectly with human health and welfare.

General Program

B.S.: Combined major and minor sequence consisting of a minimum of 66 credits to be taken from: 31-32 credits as follows: A Ant 102; A Bio 110N or 110F, A Bio 111, A Bio 212 (or A Bio 205N); A Chm 120N, 121N, A Chm 122A & B; A Phy 105N; A Psy 101M; A Mat 108 (or A Psy 210, or one semester of college mathematics exclusive of A Mat 100,101, 102N, 105, 110 or the former A Mat 160N) or A Csi 101N, 201N or equivalent.

Major electives must include a minimum of 15 credits to be selected from the following list: A Ant 313(or 313Z), 315, 319, 411, 412 (A Bio 419), 413 (or 413Z), 418 (or 418Z), 450 ( or 450Z); A Bio 308, 325, 410, 411Z, or A Bio 419 (A Ant 412).

Remaining major elective credits may be selected from the above list or from: A Ant 110N, 119N, 310, 364, 365 (A Wss 365); A Bio 230N, 407; A Mat 308 or equivalent; A Phy 106, 108N, 109; A Psy 314, 385, 387. Up to three credits of major electives may be chosen from: A Bio 311N (A Gog 310N, U Uni 310N) or A Gog 102G or 102M. With permission of the Human Biology program, up to 3 credits of community service (R Ssw 290 or R Ssw 390) may be used. The one-credit writing intensive courses in Anthropology and Biology, when taken in conjunction with a required or elective course in the major, may also yield credit toward the major.

Courses

A Ant 100 Culture, Society, and Biology (3)
General Education: HD
Introduction to the issue of human diversity, the course poses the question of what it means to be human. Through study of biological anthropology, archaeology, linguistics, and ethnology, students will explore the range of diversity within our shared humanity, and seek explanations that might account for it. The former A Ant 100M does not meet the Human Diversity requirement. Only one of A Ant 100, 100M or 100P may be taken for credit.

A Ant 102 (formerly A Ant 210) Biological Anthropology (3)
An introduction to biological anthropology as an approach to understanding how human groups differ from each other, and how these differences have arisen. Topics include the genetic background of evolution and variation, contemporary biocultural differences within and among groups, human and primate evolutionary history and biology, and the roles played by growth and development, demographic processes, genetics and cultural behaviors in determining human biology and behavior.

A Ant 104 (formerly A Ant 230) Archaeology (3)
Introduction to the methods used by archaeologists to study ancient sites and artifacts. Topics include archaeological fieldwork, laboratory analysis, dating, interpretation of artifacts, and the reconstruction of past cultural patterns. Examples include studies of ancient and recent societies. Two lectures, one laboratory period per week.

A Ant 106M (formerly A Ant 221M) Linguistic Anthropology (3)
General Education: SS
The study of language and its relationship to human culture, history and biology. Topics include the nature of symbolic systems; the structure of language; the relations of language to cognitive, cultural and societal diversity; how languages change; and how past languages and cultures can be reconstructed from linguistic evidence. The course covers Western and non-Western cases from contemporary and historical periods.

A Ant 108G Cultural Anthropology (3)
General Education: SS & WI
A Ant 108G is the writing intensive version of A Ant 108M; only one may be taken for credit.

A Ant 108M (formerly A Ant 200M) Cultural Anthropology (3)
General Education: SS
Survey of the theory, methods, and goals of cultural anthropology, emphasizing the nature of culture and the varied forms in which it is expressed among the peoples of the world. Two lectures, one discussion period per week. A Ant 108G is the writing intensive version of A Ant 108M; only one may be taken for credit.

A Ant 110N Introduction to Human Evolution (3)
General Education: NS
Introduction to human evolution. This course spans the human fossil record from "Lucy" to Cro-Magnon. Topics include our primate past and the evolution of upright walking. The steady increase in our ancestors' brain size is explored along with the cultural correlates of biological evolution such as stone tools, language origins and cave art.

A Ant 111N Introduction to the Primates (3)
General Education: NS
Survey of the basic morphology and behavior of nonhuman primates. Prosimian and anthropoid primates are studied in terms of their comparative morphology and behavior, with reference to these same features among humans.

A Ant 119N The City and Human Health (3)
General Education: NS
Survey of the history of health and disease from the earliest humans before the development of settlements to contemporary populations living in industrialized cities. Emphasizes the role of culture and behavior in disease.

A Ant 131M (= A Cla 131M) Ancient Peoples of the World (3)
General Education: CHP & SS
Ancient cultures from around the world will be presented and analyzed from the available archaeological data. The gradual development of civilization in both the Old and New Worlds will be the focus of the course. Only one of A Ant 131M & A Cla 131M may be taken for credit.

A Ant 140 Anthropological Survey of World Cultures (3)
In-depth survey of selected ancient, historical, and modern world cultures. Major themes include production of goods and services, authority systems, legal processes, and religious and ritual life. A Ant 140Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 140; only one may be taken for credit.

A Ant 140Z Anthropological Survey of World Cultures (3)
General Education: WI
A Ant 140Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 140; only one may be taken for credit. Offered every semester.

A Ant 145 (= A His 145 and A Lcs 145) Continuity and Change in Latin America (3)
Introduction to the historical development of Latin America's diverse cultural heritage and to its contemporary institutions and civilization. Broadly interdisciplinary perspective reflecting diverse approaches and fields. Only one of A Ant 145, A His 145, & A Lcs 145 may be taken for credit.

A Ant 146 (= A Lcs 150) Puerto Rico: People, History, and Culture (3)
General Education: CHP
Survey of Puerto Rican culture on the island from the prehispanic era to the 20th century. Special emphasis will be placed on the change of sovereignty in 1898, the national question, class and culture, and migration. A Ant 146Z and A Lcs 150Z are writing intensive versions of A Ant 146 and A Lcs 150; only one of the four courses may be taken for credit.

A Ant 146Z (= A Lcs 150Z) Puerto Rico: People, History, and Culture (3)
General Education: CHP & WI
A Ant 146Z and A Lcs 150Z are writing intensive versions of A Ant 146 and A Lcs 150; only one of the four courses may be taken for credit.

A Ant 160G Symbol and Human Nature (3)
General Education: SS & WI
A Ant 160G is the writing intensive version of A Ant 160M; only one may be taken for credit.

A Ant 160M Symbol and Human Nature (3)
General Education: SS
Introduction to ideas in the social sciences and humanities pertaining to the central place of symbolic behavior in human evolution, human nature, and contemporary human communities. Comparative perspective, including both Western and non-Western materials. Opportunity for fieldwork in the local community. A Ant 160G is the writing intensive version of A Ant 160M; only one may be taken for credit.

A Ant 172 Community and Self (3)
General Education: HD
What is the "self"? Individual and social diversity are considered cross-culturally, in conjunction with personal identity, class, nationality, and ethnicity. Implications for the students' own lives are discussed, as well as questions of freedom and authority in America.

A Ant 175L (= A Rel 175L) Anthropology and Folklore (3)
General Education: HA
Introduction to the study of folklore as an aspect of culture, symbolically expressing people's identity, beliefs and values. The focus is on oral text traditions-myths, folktales, and legends-topics in folk custom and ritual, folk music and folk art are also included. Includes folklore from Western and non-Western cultures. Only one of A Ant 175L and A Rel 175L may be taken for credit.

A Ant 189Z Writing in Anthropology (Lower Division) (1)
General Education: WI
Students who are concurrently registered in any 100- or 200-level anthropology course, may with permission of the instructor of that course, enroll in A Ant 189Z and fulfill a writing intensive version of that other course. The writing intensive version will involve: 1) a body of written work beyond that normally required by the companion course, 2) opportunities for students to receive assistance in progress, and 3) an opportunity for students to revise some pieces.

A Ant 197 Special Topics in Anthropology (1-4)
Study of a selected topic in anthropology. May be repeated for credit when topic differs. Consult class schedule for specific topic.

A Ant 220M (= A Lin 220M and A Eng 217M) Introduction to Linguistics (3)
General Education: SS
Introduction to the study of language, including examination of the characteristics and structural principles of natural language. After exploring the basic characteristics of sound, word formation and sentence structure, these principles are applied to such topics as: language variation, language change, psycholinguistics, pragmatics, and animal communication. Only one of A Ant 220M, A Lin 220M, & A Eng 217M may be taken for credit.

A Ant 233 (= A Lcs 233) Aztecs, Incas and Mayas (3)
General Education: CHP
Introductory survey of the archaeology and ethnohistory of the three best-known indigenous civilizations of the New World. Each is presented in terms of prehistoric background and evolution, social organization, politics and economics, religion and art. Consideration is given to the Spanish conquest of these three groups and to their modern legacies. Only one of A Ant 233 & A Lcs 233 may be taken for credit.

A Ant 236 American Indian Archaeology (3)
General Education: CHP
Introductory survey of the prehistory of North America and Mesoamerica. Emphasis on the prehistoric developments in the Eastern Woodlands, Plains, Southwest, Mexico, and the Arctic. An introduction to current theoretical issues as applied in these culture areas.

A Ant 240M The North American Indian (3)
General Education: CHP & SS
The nature and distribution of North American Indian cultures from the pre-Columbian period to the present. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 100, or A Ant 108G, or 108M.

A Ant 243 (= A Jst 243) Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East (3)
General Education: CHP
The main features of the "Middle Eastern culture continent." A comparison of selected societies in Southwest Asia and North Africa. The impact of modernization on preindustrial cities and peasantries in the area. A Ant 243Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 243 and A Jst 243; only one of these courses may be taken for credit.

A Ant 243Z (= A Jst 243) Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East (3)
General Education: CHP & WI
The main features of the "Middle Eastern culture continent." A comparison of selected societies in Southwest Asia and North Africa. The impact of modernization on preindustrial cities and peasantries in the area. A Ant 243Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 243 and A Jst 243; only one of these courses may be taken for credit.

A Ant 268L (= A Lcs 268L) Ethnology of Pre- Columbian Art (3)
General Education: HA
Survey of the art and architecture of the pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations, from the origins of the Olmec civilization (c. 1500 B.C.) through the native art produced under Spanish colonial rule in the 16th century. The objects are viewed in relation to their cultural and historical context. Issues of collection and exhibition are also discussed. Only one of A Ant 268L & A Lcs 268L may be taken for credit.

A Ant 269 (= A Aas 269 and A Lcs 269) The Caribbean: Peoples, History and Cultures (3)
General Education: CHP
Peoples, history and cultures of the 20th century Caribbean. Special emphasis will be placed on responses to colonialism and nationalism. Only one of A Ant 269, A Aas 269, & A Lcs 269 may be taken for credit.

A Ant 310 Human Paleontology (3)
Examination of the human fossil record and of the major theories dealing with fossil record. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 102 or A Geo 230 or A Geo 230Z or permission of the instructor.

A Ant 313 Demographic Anthropology (3)
Demographic theory as it applies to anthropological populations, with emphases on birth, death and growth rates, population size and dispersion, mating, and migration. Aspects of historical and paleodemography accompany analyses of living populations. A Ant 313Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 313; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 102 or permission of instructor.

A Ant 313Z Demographic Anthropology (3)
General Education: WI
A Ant 313Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 313; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 102 or permission of instructor.

A Ant 315 Topics in Biological Anthropology (3)
Selected topics in biological anthropology. May be repeated for credit when topic differs. Consult class schedule for specific topic. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 102.

A Ant 319 Physical Growth and Development (3)
Analysis of the pattern of human growth during the prenatal and postnatal periods and their variation around the world. The course focuses on the influence of social factors, nutrition, alcohol and cigarette use, race/ethnicity, pollution, and features of the physical environment which modify growth patterns. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 100, or A Ant 102, or A Bio 110N/F and 111N, or A Bio 102N or A Bio 103Z or 103.

A Ant 321 (= A Lin 321) Introduction to Syntax (3)
The human ability to produce and understand an infinite number of different sentences is one of the most remarkable capabilities we have. The study of the structure of sentences is called syntax, and this course is an introduction to syntactic theory. The particular approach we will be pursuing is called generative grammar, the approach to syntax pioneered by linguists such as Noam Chomsky. Chomsky argues that all humans are born with an unconscious knowledge of Universal Grammar, the basis on which the grammars of all languages are built. Through a detailed examination of English sentence structure, we will investigate the connections between English syntax and Universal Grammar. Only one of A Lin 321 & A Ant 321 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 220M or permission of instructor.

A Ant 322 (= A Lin 322) Introduction to Phonology (3)
Introduction to the description and analysis of human speech sounds and their organization. Introduction to articulatory phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet followed by examination and generative phonological analysis of data from English and a wide range of other languages. Only one of A Ant 322 & A Lin 322 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 220M or permission of instructor.

A Ant 325 (= A Lin 325) Sociolinguistics (3)
Introduction to the study of language as a social phenomenon. Includes basic sociolinguistic concepts, interactional sociolinguistics, social dialects, Black English, diglossia, bilingualism, and bilingual education. Only one of A Ant 325 & A Lin 325 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 220M or permission of instructor.

A Ant 330 Topics in Archaeology (3)
Survey of a topic in archaeology or regional prehistory for upper division students. May be repeated for credit when topic differs. Consult class schedule for specific topic. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 104.

A Ant 331 Early Civilization of the Old World (3)
The development of early complex societies in the Old World, including the origins of agriculture, urbanism, states, and empires. Examines the nature of the archaeological evidence for these developments and its interpretation, employing case studies drawn from the Near East, the Indian Subcontinent, and China. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing.

A Ant 332 Ethnoarchaeology (3)
Ethnoarchaeology combines the archaeologist's interest in material culture with the cultural anthropologist's interest in ongoing behavior. Included are the archaeology of living populations, action archaeology, experimental and replication studies, formation processes, and ethnographic analogy, among other subjects. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 104 or permission of instructor.

A Ant 333 Iroquois Archaeology and Ethnohistory (3)
An intensive survey of the archaeology, history, and ethnology of the Iroquois. Coverage begins with the first appearance of the Iroquois in the region and continues to modern reservation life. A Ant 333Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 333; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 104.

A Ant 333Z Iroquois Archaeology and Ethnohistory (3)
General Education: WI
A Ant 333Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 333; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 104.

A Ant 335 Introduction to Archaeological Field Techniques (3)
Introduction to data gathering techniques used by archaeologists in the field. Taught prior to A Ant 338 as basic training for students concentrating in archaeology. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 104 or permission of instructor.

A Ant 338 Archaeological Field Research (6)
Directed archaeological excavation of selected sites, including experience in site location, mapping, excavation, preservation, analysis, classification, and interpretation. A Ant 338Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 338; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 335 or permission of instructor.

A Ant 338Z Archaeological Field Research (6)
General Education: WI
A Ant 338Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 338; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 335 or permission of instructor.

A Ant 339 Archaeological Lab Techniques (3)
Survey and practical application of laboratory techniques using materials from the University collections. Emphasis on physical and chemical analysis, classification, and specialized analysis. A Ant 339Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 339; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 104.

A Ant 339Z Archaeological Lab Techniques (3)
General Education: WI
A Ant 339Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 339; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 104.

A Ant 340 Topics in Ethnology (3)
Survey of the cultures of one of the major regions of the world. May be repeated for credit when topic differs. Consult class schedule for specific topic. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 108G or 108M.

A Ant 341M (= A Lcs 341M) Ethnology of Mesoamerica (3)
General Education: CHP & SS
Survey of the cultures and history of the native peoples of Mexico and Central America. Beginning with the documents created by and about native peoples around the time of the Spanish invasion, the course follows the experiences of these societies through the colonial period and up to the present. A Ant 341G & A Lcs 341G are writing intensive versions of A Ant 341M & A Lcs 341M; only one of the four courses may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 100 or 108M or 108G.

A Ant 341G (= A Lcs 341G) Ethnology of Mesoamerica (3)
General Education: CHP, SS & WI
A Ant 341G & A Lcs 341G are writing intensive versions of A Ant 341M & A Lcs 341M; only one of the four courses may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 100 or 108M or 108G.

A Ant 343 Native American Literature (3)
Survey of the literature of the native peoples of North America and Mesoamerica, from early colonial times to the present. Readings include oral narratives, songs, autobiography, and contemporary poetry and fiction. Discussion focuses on the use of texts for cultural analysis, Native American literary aesthetics, and the survival of native literary traditions. A Ant 343Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 343; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing.

A Ant 343Z Native American Literature (3)
General Education: WI
A Ant 343Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 343; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing.

A Ant 351 Ethnicity in North America (3)
General Education: HD
Analysis of ethnicity, assimilation and pluralism with regard to one or more North American ethnic group(s). Social, political, economic and symbolic adaptations. Consideration of relative merits of integration and separation in modern society. This course is cross-listed with A Jst 351 & 351Z when Jewish ethnicity and assimilation are a major focus of those courses. When cross-listed, A Jst 351Z & A Ant 351Z are writing intensive versions of A Jst 351 & A Ant 351; only one of the four courses may be taken for credit. A Ant 351Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 351; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing and permission of instructor.

A Ant 351Z Ethnicity in North America (3)
General Education: HD & WI
This course is cross-listed with A Jst 351 & 351Z when Jewish ethnicity and assimilation are a major focus of those courses. When cross-listed, A Jst 351Z & A Ant 351Z are writing intensive versions of A Jst 351 & A Ant 351; only one of the four courses may be taken for credit. A Ant 351Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 351; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing and permission of instructor.

A Ant 355 Environment, Economy and Culture (3)
Cross-cultural survey of the systematic relations between environment, behavior and culture. Analysis of production and exchange systems at hunting and gathering, agricultural, and industrial stages of social evolution. Environmental and economic disruption, perception and management in cultural perspective. A Ant 355Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 355; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 108M or 108G or 102 or 104 or permission of instructor.

A Ant 355Z Environment, Economy and Culture (3)
General Education: WI
A Ant 355Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 355; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 108M or 108G or 102 or 104 or permission of instructor.

A Ant 360 Social Anthropology (3)
Comparative study of social systems, tribal, traditional, and modern societies. Deals with economic, kinship, political, and other aspects of social structure. Social systems in functionalist, evolutionary, and dialectic perspectives. Combines in one course kinship, political, economic, and stratificational anthropology. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 108M or 108G. A Ant 360Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 360; only one may be taken for credit.

A Ant 360Z Social Anthropology (3)
General Education: WI
A Ant 360Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 360; only one may be taken for credit.

A Ant 361 Anthropology and Public Policy (3)
The practical application of anthropological theory and research to policy areas such as economic development, environment, welfare, and mass media. The ethics of applied anthropology. A Ant 361Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 361; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): 3 credits in anthropology or political science or sociology.

A Ant 361Z Anthropology and Public Policy (3)
General Education: WI
A Ant 361Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 361; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): 3 credits in anthropology or political science or sociology.

A Ant 363 (= A Rel 363) Ethnology of Religion (3)
Examination of the form and functions of ritual systems as related to myth and world view on a cross-cultural basis. Emphasizes the religions of nonliterate and peasant peoples. Only one of A Ant 363 & A Rel 363 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 100 or 108M, or A Phi 214.

A Ant 364 Anthropology of Health and Health Care (3)
Introduction to medical anthropology. Cross- cultural examination of different views of health, disease, healing and curing, their effect on medical care and maintenance of health of individuals and communities. Analyses of interface of modern medicine with traditional systems and dilemmas caused by the application of recent medical advances in our own culture. Prerequisite(s): 3 credits in anthropology or biology.

A Ant 365 (= A Wss 365) The Anthropology of New Reproductive Technologies (3)
A cross-cultural perspective on how new reproductive technologies (including invitro-fertilization, surrogacy, ultrasound, prenatal screening for disability, sex selection, fetal surgery, and neonatal intensive care) are transforming the experience of procreation and challenging cultural notions of kinship, personhood, and what it means to be human. Prerequisite(s): 3 credits in anthropology, philosophy, or women studies.

A Ant 372 Urban Anthropology (3)
Introduction to urban anthropology. Emphasis on rural-urban migrations, adjustment and assimilation of urban migrants, urban kinship and family structure, poverty culture, rural- urban typologies, and the application of anthropological methods to the study of urban societies. A Ant 372Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 372; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): one course in anthropology, sociology, political science or geography.

A Ant 372Z Urban Anthropology (3)
General Education: WI
A Ant 372Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 372; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): one course in anthropology, sociology, political science or geography.

A Ant 381 (= A Wss 381) Anthropology of Gender (3)
Cross-cultural analysis of gender roles. Focuses on non-Western societies, using data from other societies to better understand the gender system of our own culture. Issues include status of women and men, the meaning of "femaleness" and "maleness", and women and health care systems. A Ant 381Z and A Wss 381Z are writing intensive versions of A Ant 381 and A Wss 381; only one of the four courses may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): one course in anthropology or sociology.

A Ant 381Z (= A Wss 381Z) Anthropology of Gender (4)
General Education: WI
A Ant 381Z and A Wss 381Z are writing intensive versions of A Ant 381 and A Wss 381; only one of the four courses may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): one course in anthropology or sociology.

A Ant 389Z Writing in Anthropology (Upper Division) (1)
General Education: WI
Students who are concurrently registered in any 300- or 400-level anthropology course, may with permission of the instructor of that course, enroll in A Ant 389Z and fulfill a writing intensive version of that other course. The writing intensive version will involve: 1) a body of written work beyond that normally required by the companion course, 2) opportunities for students to receive assistance in progress, and 3) an opportunity for students to revise some pieces.

A Ant 390 Ethnological Theory (3)
Historical survey of theoretical approaches to the study of culture, with emphasis on contemporary trends. Recommended for majors planning graduate work. Content may vary with instructor. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 108M or A Ant 108G.
A Ant 411 Human Population Biology (3)
Biological variation and its causes in human populations; population genetics. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 100 or 102; or A Bio 111N, and 212 or 205; or permission of instructor.

A Ant 412 (= A Bio 419) Human Population Genetics (3)
Population genetics theory is the foundation of evolutionary biology and contributes heavily to modern ideas in ecology, systematics, and agriculture. This course is an introduction to that theory with special emphasis on evolution. Only one of A Ant 412 and A Bio 419 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 102, A Bio 212 or 205; or permission of instructor.

A Ant 413 Functional Anatomy of the Human Skeleton (4)
Laboratory course in skeletal and dental identification and analysis, with emphasis on the interaction of the muscular and skeletal systems. A Ant 413Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 413; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing.

A Ant 413Z Functional Anatomy of the Human Skeleton (4)
General Education: WI
A Ant 413Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 413; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing.

A Ant 418 Biomedical Anthropology (3)
Anthropological study of health and disease patterns in human populations with emphasis on human-made influences on the health of contemporary societies. The effects of societal and cultural factors on disease patterns, and the assessment of health status through epidemiological and anthropological methods are explored. A Ant 418Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 418; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisites: A Ant 102 or 119N.

A Ant 418Z Biomedical Anthropology (3)
General Education: WI
A Ant 418Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 418; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 102 or 119N.

A Ant 421Z (formerly 421; = Lin 421Z) Advanced Syntax (3)
General Education: WI
This course continues the investigation of the relationship between the grammars of particular languages and Universal Grammar. We will examine the syntax of several languages from around the world asking ourselves the following questions: a.) How do the principles that organize the grammars of other languages around the world compare to English? b.) What grammatical properties are true for all languages? We will discuss the answers to these questions in the light of generative grammar. Only one of A Lin 421Z and A Ant 421Z may be taken for credit. The former A Lin 421 & A Ant 421 do not yield writing intensive credit, Prerequisite(s): A Lin 321 with grade of C or higher.

A Ant 422 (= A Lin 422) Advanced Phonology (3)
Advanced studies in generative phonological theory, with a focus on the analysis of prosodic phenomena such as stress, tone, and accent. Discussion of recent theoretical trends in phonology. Only one of A Ant 422 & A Lin 422 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 322 with grade of C or higher.

A Ant 423 Linguistic Structures (3)
Investigation of the structure of a selected language, language family, or language area. Prerequisite(s): a prior course in linguistics or consent of instructor.

A Ant 424 Language and Culture (3)
Study of the nature of the interrelationships that exist between linguistic behavior and other aspects of culture. Prerequisite(s): A Lin 220 or A Ant 221M or permission of instructor.

A Ant 425 (= A Lin 425) Comparative and Historical Linguistics (3)
Language development and change. Language classification, linguistic reconstruction. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 220M or A Lin 220M or consent of instructor.

A Ant 430 Archaeological Theory (3)
Advanced theory and method in archaeology, emphasizing topics such as quantitative applications, spatial analysis, cultural processes, systems analysis, the application of dating techniques, and the reconstruction of extinct cultures. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 104.

A Ant 431 Seminar in Social Archaeology (3)
Seminar on selected topics in the archaeological study of past social organization. Topics will vary. Examples include settlement patterns, household organization, economic processes, urbanism, and world systems. Topics will be approached in terms of methods, theories, and comparative analysis. May be repeated for credit.

A Ant 433 Mesoamerican Archaeology (3)
Archaeological study of the ancient peoples and cultures of Mesoamerica from the earliest inhabitants to the Spanish conquest. Coverage is chronological and evolutionary, with application of anthropological models of cultural change. Emphasis on the major transformation such as the origin of agriculture, the rise of cities, and the expansion of states and empires. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 104 or equivalent or permission of instructor.

A Ant 434 Seminar in Mesoamerican Writing Systems (3)
Seminar on selected Mesoamerican writing systems. Focus varies, but Classic Mayan writing is usually emphasized. Topics include the structure and evolution of the scripts; relations between writing and other communication systems; and anthropological research using hieroglyphic evidence. May be repeated for credit. Prerequisite(s): course work in Mesoamerican archaeology, ethnology, or linguistics is recommended.

A Ant 435 Archaeological Surveys (3)
Survey of the archaeology of a selected region of the world. Topics vary according to the regional specialty of the professor in charge. May be repeated for credit when topic differs. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 104.

A Ant 438 Museum Research and Curation (3)
The course emphasizes collections management and research with existing collections, including database management, basic museum methods for anthropologists, and approaches to problems of using data collected by other researchers. Students design and complete projects using existing collections. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 104.

A Ant 450 Medical Anthropology (3)
Advanced medical anthropology. In-depth examination of selected issues and conflicting values pertaining to health care. Presentations, frequently by outside speakers actively working in their fields, on alternative medical belief systems as well as moral and ethic dilemmas caused by developments in modern medicine. Emphasizes practical applications for health care providers. A Ant 450Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 450; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing and permission of instructor.

A Ant 450Z Medical Anthropology (3)
General Education: WI
A Ant 450Z is the writing intensive version of A Ant 450; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing and permission of instructor.

A Ant 480 Introduction to Ethnographic Field Research (3)
Ethnographic fieldwork experience for qualified undergraduates. Study of fieldwork methodology and principles together with actual fieldwork on selected topics under faculty supervision. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing and permission of instructor.

A Ant 481 (= A Lcs 491) Research Projects (3-6)
Introduction to basic research skills required to answer questions on human behavior, with special emphasis on cross- cultural communication and learning and dynamics of cross-cultural interaction. Specific research projects familiarize students with the basic research methods including data collection, processing, and analysis. Only one of A Ant 481 &A Lcs 491 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing and permission of instructor.

A Ant 482A Senior Honor Thesis Seminar (3)
Students in the honors program should enroll in both A Ant 482A & B for a total of 6 credits during the fall and spring of their senior year. Students will write an honors thesis under the supervision of a member of the Anthropology Department, present periodic progress reports, and deliver an oral summary of the completed thesis. Prerequisite(s): admission to the Anthropology Department honors program.

A Ant 482B Senior Honors Thesis Seminar (3)
Students in the honors program should enroll in both A Ant 482A & B for a total of 6 credits during the fall and spring of their senior year. Students will write an honors thesis under the supervision of a member of the Anthropology Department, present periodic progress reports, and deliver an oral summary of the completed thesis. Prerequisite(s): admission to the Anthropology Department honors program.

A Ant 490 (= A Cla 490) Internship in Archaeological Conservation and Documentation (3-9)
Supervised placement in an agency engaged in conservation and documentation of archaeological artifacts, such as the New York State Museum or State Conservation Laboratory. Provides practical experience and cannot be counted among the 9 elective credits above the 300 level required for Mediterranean archaeology majors. Anthropology majors may use up to 3 credits toward major elective credit. May be taken by majors in Greek and Roman civilization and anthropology only. Internships are open only to qualified juniors and seniors who have an overall grade point average of 2.50 or higher. Prerequisite(s): A Ant 438.

A Ant 497 Topics in Anthropology (3)
Advanced course on selected topic in anthropology. May focus on geographic or theoretical area. May be repeated for credit when topic differs. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing and permission of instructor.

A Ant 498A & B Independent Study in Anthropology (1-6), (1-6)
Independent reading or research on selected topics under the direction of a faculty member. May be repeated for credit. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing.

A Ant 499 Senior Seminar in Anthropology (3)
Seminar on selected topics in anthropology, Open to seniors with permission of instructor. Recommended for majors planning graduate work. May be repeated for credit.