Regulations Concerning Minors
Students are required to complete a minor consisting of 18-24 graduation credits which must include a minimum of 9 graduation credits of "advanced course work." This may include course work requiring at least one prerequisite course, courses at or above the 300 level, or a combination of prerequisite and 300-level and above courses.
No student may use a minor title that is the same as the title of the student's major. Only the following are acceptable minor titles to appear on the academic record:
- "Combined with Major" for approved combined major and minor programs
- A title approved by the Curriculum Committee or the Interdisciplinary Studies Committee of the Undergraduate Academic Council; or
- "Interdisciplinary" if approved by the Interdisciplinary Studies Committee of the Undergraduate Academic Council.
Restrictions for One Minor
The following restrictions apply to students who have one major and only one discrete minor listed on their academic record.
Except for students in approved combined major and minor programs, the same course may not be used to fulfill the requirements of both the major and the discrete minor. No student may use a minor title that is the same as the title of the student's major. Students in a combined program who wish to declare a different minor from "Combined With Major" may use courses to fulfill both the combined requirements and the different minor requirements.
Students completing two majors cannot declare a minor. A departmental major program does not require a minor and the student need not declare one, although the option to elect to have a minor listed on the academic record exists.
Two Minors
Students may declare and have listed on their transcripts two minors. No student may use a minor title that is the same as the title of the student's major. The same course may not be used to fulfill requirements in both minors. The same course may be used to fulfill a requirement in the major and in either minor.
Students completing two majors may not have a minor listed on their transcripts. Students completing a combined major and minor program who list one or two discrete minors on their transcripts nevertheless must complete all requirements for their major program.
Major/Minor Options
Within the restrictions mentioned previously for double majors and two minors, the following combinations of majors and minors are possible.
Students in a "regular" major program may list on their transcripts a major and a minor, two majors, or a major and two minors. Students in a "combined" major and minor program may list on their transcripts a major and a "combined" minor, two majors, a major and one discrete minor, or a major and two discrete minors. Students in one of the three special "departmental" major programs may list on their transcripts a major and no minor, a major and a minor, two majors, or a major and two minors.
Approved Minors
Listed here are the minor titles that have been approved by the Undergraduate Academic Council. Action of the Council also mandates that the following may not be used as minor titles: public affairs and social welfare.
Africana Studies A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level) including one course from among the following: A Aas 142, 219 or 219Z, 286, 287 and 490.
Anthropology A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level). Students are required to take A Ant 100 and one of the following core courses: A Ant 102, 104, 106M, 108M or 108G, or A Ant 220M.
Art A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level and/or in courses requiring at least one prerequisite course) from course work with an A Art prefix. Six (6) of the required 18 credits may be from courses with an A Arh prefix or from other courses that have been approved for the faculty-initiated interdisciplinary major in art history.
Art History A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level and/or in courses requiring at least one prerequisite course) including A Arh 170L and 171L, and 6 additional credits from course work with an A Arh prefix. The remaining 6 credits may be selected from: A Arh courses; A Ant 268L; A Cas 240; A Cla 207L, A Cla 208L, 209L, 301, 302, 303 (or 303Z), 307, 310, 311, 401, 402, 403, 405, 406, 407, 490 and 497; A Eac 280L; A His 263E, 264E, 364Z; A Rel 200L; and A Thr 380L.
Asian Studies A minimum of 21 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level and/or in courses requiring at least one prerequisite course) including A His 176, A His 177 or 177Z and one of the following courses: A His 381 or 381Z or 382 or 382Z. The remaining 12 credits to be selected from the following courses, must include at least one course in at least two of the following regions: South Asia, East Asia, Southwest Asia.
South Asia: A His 377 or 377Z, 378 or 378Z, A Phi 342, R Pos 358, (graduate courses: A His 578, R Pos 558).
East Asia: A His 379 or 379Z, 380 or 380Z, A Eac 210L, A Eac 211L, A Eac 212L. A Eac 220, A Phi 344, A Phi 346.
Southwest Asia: A His 383 or 383Z; R Pos 359; A Jst 341Z; A His 381 or 381Z and 382 or 382Z; A Ant 243.
Other: A Ant 332, colloquia, independent study, or independent research courses as appropriate, to be approved by the director of Asian studies.
Atmospheric Science A minimum of 19 graduation credits from course work with an A Atm prefix, including A Atm 210 or 210Z, 211; and at least 6 credits from all 300- level and higher A Atm courses; A Atm 490, 497, 499 are excluded. Appropriate prerequisite courses in mathematics and physics are necessary to complete the required minor courses.
Biology A minimum of 18 graduation credits, including A Bio 110N or 110F, 111N, 212. Additional credits are selected from biology courses that yield biology credit toward the biology major.
Business A minimum of 18 graduation credits as follows: B Acc 211; B Msi 215 (or A Csi 101N, or A Csi 201N); A Mat108 (or A Eco 320, or B Msi 220); and any three of the following courses: B Acc 222; B Bus 250; B Fin 300, B Law 321, B Mgt 341, B Mkt 310, and B Msi 330.
Students majoring in criminal justice, economics, linguistics, mathematics, psychology, public affairs or sociology who complete a statistics course in the major may substitute either B Law 200 or 220 for the statistics requirement in the Business minor.
Students majoring in computer science who complete A Csi 201N in the major may substitute either B Law 200 or B Law 220 for the B Msi 215 basic programming requirement in the Business minor.
Students majoring in rhetoric and communication who complete B Msi 220, A Mat 108, B Msi 215, A Csi 101N, or A Csi 201N in their major may substitute either B Law 200 or 220 in the Business minor. When both the statistics and computer requirements are involved, either B Law 200 or 220 may substitute for statistics in the Business minor and an additional major course may substitute for computer science in the major.
Chemistry A minimum of 22 graduation credits as follows: A Chm 120N and 121N. 122A and B, 216A and B, 217A and B, 225 and an additional 3 credits from A Chm 307 or 307Z (A Atm 307), 441A, 342 (A Bio 365), 340A.
Chinese Studies A minimum of 21 graduation credits of which 15 must be A Eac 102L, 201L, and 202L. The remaining 6 credits may be earned from any A Eac or A Eas course except A Eac 101L and A Eas 220.
Cognitive Science A minimum of 18 graduation credits, (9 credits or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level and/or in courses requiring a prerequisite) to include: A Lin 301, 3 courses from: A Csi 201N, A Lin 321, A Phi 210L, A Psy 365; and 6 credits from the following list: A Csi 101N, 201N, 210, 310, 409; A Lin 322, 421, or 421Z, 422; A Phi 332, 415, 418, 422, 432; A Psy 210, 211, 381, 382, or 382Z.
Computer Science A minimum of 20 graduation credits of which at least 14 credits must have an A Csi prefix. The courses taken must include A Csi 201N, 310 and 333 (or 202); plus at least 9 credits from the following list of courses: one but not both of A Csi 101N and B Msi 215 (if taken before A Csi 201N); A Csi 205 if taken prior to A Csi 333; any other course with an A Csi prefix; A Phy 353, 454; A Mat 220, 313, 367, 372 or 372Z, 374, 401; A Phi 432; any one of A Atm 498, A Bio 440, A Chm 411.
Criminal Justice Studies A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 credits or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level and/or in courses requiring a prerequisite) in course work from among the following: any R Crj courses; A Soc 283M, 380, 381.
Economics A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level) from course work with an A Eco prefix including: A Eco 110M and 111M and one of A Eco 300 or 301.
Electronics A minimum of 21 graduation credits as follows: A Phy 120N, 124N, 220, 221, 315, 316, and 353.
English A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level and/or in courses requiring at least one prerequisite course) from course work with an A Eng prefix.
Film Studies A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level and/or in courses requiring at least one prerequisite course) including A Arh 260 and 15 credits from the following: A Arh 361, 363, 460; A Com 378 (when the topic focuses upon film); A Eas 140L; A Eng 243 (when the topic focuses upon film), 243Z; A Fre 238 or 315, 338 or 415; A Ita 318; A Lcs314 or A Spn 318; A Rus 380; A Thr 230L; A Wss 399 (when the topic focuses upon film). Other courses, transfer work, specific topics courses, etc. may also be used if approved by the director of the program. Advisement is conducted by the director of the program in the Art Department.
French A minimum of 18 graduation credits from course work with an A Fre prefix above A Fre 101L including A Fre 241L. No more than 3 credits of courses conducted in English may be used to satisfy the requirements of the minor. Students who begin their French studies at or above the 200 level are encouraged to meet with the coordinator of advisement for French Studies, in constructing a minor.
General Educational Studies A minimum of 18 graduation credits from course work offered by the School of Education, including a minimum of 12 graduation credits in course work at or above the 300 level. The following courses are not acceptable for the minor: E Cpy 301, 302, 303; and courses designated as "methods" and "student teaching".
Geography A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level and/or in courses requiring at least one prerequisite course) from course work with an A Gog prefix.
Geology A minimum of 20 graduation credits. Required courses include A Geo 100N or 100F or 105, 106, 190N, 230 or 230Z, and 9 credits at or above the 300 level and/or in Geology courses requiring at least one prerequisite course.
Greek and Roman Civilization A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level and/or in courses requiring at least one prerequisite course) from among the following: any course with an A Cla, A Clc, A Clg, or A Cll prefix; A Phi 310.
Hebrew A minimum of 18 graduation credits in course work with an A Heb prefix above the 102L level. Students who begin with A Heb 101L and/or 102L must complete 15 graduation credits above the 102L level. No more than 4 credits of A Heb 450 may be applied to the minor.
History A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level) in course work with an A His prefix including no more than 12 credits from any one of the four geographic areas of concentration listed in the Undergraduate Bulletin. A student may, on petition to the Director of Undergraduate Studies in the history department, count toward the minor one relevant course of no more than 4 credits taken in a department other than history.
International Perspectives A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level and/or in courses requiring at least one prerequisite course). Approval of the Director of International Programs is required along with satisfactory completion of one of the following three tracks:
Third-World Track:
- 3 credits from A Ant 108M or 108G, A Cas 150;
- 3 credits from A Aas 150, A Aas 287 or A His 287, A Ant 145 or A His 145 or A Lcs 145, A Ant 243 or A Jst 243, A Eco 361 or A Lcs 361, A Fre 208, A Fre 281, A His 158 or 158Z, A His 177 or 177Z, A Lcs 100 or 100Z;
- 6 credits from Theory Courses: A Ant 361 or 361Z,, A Cas 141; A Com 371 or 462, A Eco 330 or 330Z, A Gog 150, R Pos 350 or R Pub 350;
- 6 credits from Geographic Region Courses: A Aas 269 or A Ant 269 or A Lcs 269, A Aas 270 or A Gog 270, A Aas 322, A Aas 342 or A Ant 342, A Ant 146 or 146Z or A Lcs 150 or 150Z, A Ant 341M or 341G or A Lcs 341M or 341G, A Ant 346; A Eac 470Z or A Gog 470Z; A Gog 250/250L or 250,A His 170 or A Lcs 102, A His 367, A His 369 or A Lcs 369, A His 371 or A Lcs 371; A Lcs 115 or A Por 115, A Lcs 301; R Pos 355, R Pos 358.
Appropriate courses, from SUNY overseas academic programs, may be substituted for some of the courses listed. NOTE: No more than 6 credits with the same prefix may be used in this track.
Social and Political Systems Track:
- 6 credits in A Rus 162 or 162Z and R Pos 102M;
- 12 credits from A Eco 313 or 313Z, 440 or 440Z, 461; A His 353, 355; A Jst 353, A Jst 359 or R Pos 359; R Pos 310, 350 or R Pub 350, 452Z.
Appropriate courses from the SUNY overseas academic program in Denmark may be substituted for some of the courses listed above, such as Eastern Europe in Transition, R Pos 30E, European Political Philosophy and Ideologies, A Phi 30E or R Pos 30E, The EEC: The Politics and Economics of European Integration, A Eco 30E or R Pos 30E.
Note: Political Science majors should not choose this track because of the excessive concentration in Political Science courses.
Global Issues Track:
18 credits from A Aas 150, 240 or A Lcs 240 or A Wss 240; A Ant 100, 361 or 361Z, 363, 381 or 381Z or A Wss 381 or 381Z; A Atm 102N, 103, 300 or 300Z; A Bio 311N or A Gog 310N or U Uni 310N; A Eco 330 or 330Z; A Gog 120 or 120Z, 311; A His 296, 366, 454 or 454Z, 455 or 455Z, 456, , 460; A Soc 344 or 344Z or A Wss 344 or 344Z; A Wss 360, 433Z or R Pos 433Z; E Edu 375; R Pos 472Z, 473Z; R Pub 395 or R Pos 395. NOTE: No more than 6 credits with the same prefix may be used in this track.Italian A minimum of 18 graduation credits from course work with an A Ita prefix above A Ita 100L, including A Ita 206, 207, 301 or 301Z.
Japanese Studies A minimum of 21 graduation credits of which 15 must be A Eaj 102L, 201L, and 202L. The remaining 6 credits may be earned from any A Eaj or A Eas course except A Eaj 101L, 130 and A Eas 220.
Journalism A minimum of 18 graduation credits, including A Jrl 300 or 300Z and an advanced-level writing course to be selected from the following: A Eng 300Z, 308Z, 309Z (for students interested in scientific, political or economic journalistic writing) or 400Z.
The remaining credits are to be selected from other writing courses cited above and/or from A Jrl 364, 365, 397, 400; R Pos 205, 365, 427Z; A Com 238, 265, 336 (when the topic is "Rhetoric of the New Journalism"); A Soc 255, and independent study in various departments when the subject involves journalism. Students may include other courses to prepare themselves for a specialized branch of journalism, but no more than two courses in this category may be included in the minimum 18 credits for the minor.
Approval of the director is required for such courses to be included. Skill in writing is a specific requirement for the minor. This must be demonstrated by the end of the junior year through submission of a substantial sample of the student's writing to the director of the journalism program. Therefore, the signature of the director is required for students wishing to declare this minor. On the basis of the student's previous experience and ability, the requirement of A Jrl 300 may be waived by the director of the program.
Judaic Studies A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level) from course work in the Department of Judaic Studies or other relevant departments. No more than 4 credits from among A Heb 450 or A Jst 450 or 490 may be applied to the minor.
Latin American Studies A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level) to include A Lcs 100 or 100Z; 150 or 150Z, 201 or 302; A Lcs 102 or 269; and 9 additional credits in course work with an A Lcs prefix.
Library and Information Science A minimum of 18 graduation credits including A Csi 201N, R Isp 601, R Isp 603, R Isp 605, R Isp 611, and an additional R Isp elective. This minor is available only to students in the combined B.A. or B.S/M.L.S. program.
Linguistics A minimum of 18 graduation credits, including A Lin 220M, A Lin 321 or 322, and 6 additional credits in courses with an A Lin prefix. (A Lin 289 may not be used to satisfy the requirements for the minor.) The remaining credits may be selected from courses with an A Lin prefix or from the following courses which are approved electives within the linguistics major: A Ant 424; A Clc 125; A Com 373, 465; A Csi 101N, 201N, or 310; A Eng 311L; A Fre 306, 406, 450; A Heb 203; A Phi 210L, 332, 415, 432; A Por 402; A Psy 365, 381; A Spn 401, 402, 405; one of the following: A Gog 396, A Psy 210, A Mat 108, or A Soc 221.
Mathematics A minimum of 18 graduation credits in courses with an A Mat prefix numbered 105 or higher. These credits must include a minimum of 12 credits at or above the 200 level.
Medical Anthropology A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level and/or in courses requiring at least one prerequisite course) as follows: A Ant 102, at least 6 credits from the series A Ant 119N, 364, 418 or 418Z, and 450Z at least 3 credits from the series A Ant 313 or 313Z, 319, 413 or 413Z; additional courses may include the following: A Bio 117N, 209N, 308, 407; A Gog 380; and A Soc 359M.
Medieval & Renaissance Studies A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level and/or in courses requiring at least one prerequisite course) including 3 credits from History courses, 3 credits from Literature and Philosophy courses, 3 credits from Art and Music courses. The remaining 9 credits are to be selected from any of the approved courses listed below.
History Core Courses: A His 336, 337, 338, 391 (when appropriate).
History Elective Courses: A His 235 or 235Z; A Jst 343 or 343Z; A Spn 313.
Literature and Philosophy Courses: A Eng 289, 291, 341, 345, 348, 421, 422, 425; A Fre 361, 362; A Ita 421, 441; A Jst 430; A Phi 311, 312; A Spn 311, 482.
Art and Music Courses: A Arh 331, 332, 341, 342; A Mus 205L, 230, 287 (when appropriate).
Music A minimum of 20 graduation credits to include A Mus 140, 141, 142, 143, 187 or 287, 230L, 231L and one 3 credit elective chosen from: A Mus 320, 324, 325, 334L, 338L, 350, 352, 360, 368, 373, 398, 424, 427, 432Z, 433Z, 434Z, 435Z, 436, 455, 490, 497. All students registered for A Mus 140 must satisfactorily pass a departmental aptitude examination in music administered during the first scheduled meeting of the course in the fall semester. A noncredit piano proficiency exam is given to all students entering A Mus 140. Those deficient in this area will be required to enroll in an appropriate level of Functional Piano (A Mus 165 or 166). A grade of C- or higher in A Mus 166 will satisfy this requirement. Credit in A Mus 165 and/or 166 will not apply toward the music minor.
Philosophy A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level and/or in courses requiring at least one prerequisite course) from course work with an A Phi prefix, including at least two of the following: A Phi 110L or 110E, 210L, 212L, 310, 312.
Physics A minimum of 20 graduation credits as follows: A Phy 120N, 124N, 220, 224; and two courses with an A Phy prefix at the 300 level or above.
Political Science A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level and/or in courses requiring at least one prerequisite course) from course work with an R Pos prefix, including R Pos 101M.
Portuguese A minimum of 18 graduation credits from course work with an A Por prefix.
Psychology A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level and/or in courses requiring at least one prerequisite course) from course work with an A Psy prefix, including A Psy 101M or 102M.
Religious Studies A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level and/or in courses requiring at least one prerequisite course) including A Phi 214 and one of the following methodological courses: A Ant 363, A Phi 322. Of the remaining credits, 6 credits must be chosen from core courses, the remainder from either core or supplementary courses or, with the approval of the director of the program, other course offerings. No more than 9 credits from any one department may be included in the minimum 18 credits required for the minor.
Core Courses A Rel 100L, 299, 397, 499; A Aas 341; 363; A Clc 402; A Clc 403; A Eac 344; A Eng 221; A Heb 203, 390; A His 235 or 235Z, 324; A Jst 150, 280, 281Z, 335, 430; A Phi 216, 322, 342, 344, 346, 412; A Spn 313. In addition, special topics courses (e.g., A Eng 378, A Jst 326, A Jst 499, A Phi 340, A Psy 450 or 450Z) may be included when the given topic directly concerns religious studies.
Supplementary courses: A Ant 243, 364; A Arh 303 (or 303Z); A Eac 199; A Cla 207E or 207L; A Clc 105E or 105L; A Clg 103L or A Rel 103L, A Clg 104L or A Rel 104L; A Cll 403; A Eng 289, 348; A Gog 402 or 402Z; A His 339, 381, 425A, 463; A Cas 160Z, 222; A Ita 421; A Jst 251, 252, 253, 341Z, 342Z, 343 or 343Z; A Phy 201E or 201L; A Rus 251L; R Ssw 220.
Rhetoric and Communication A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level and/or in courses requiring at least one prerequisite course) from course work with an A Com prefix.
Russian and East European Studies A minimum of 18 graduation credits from among the following with no more than 6 credits from any one prefix: A Gog 371; A His 352 or 352Z, 353 or 353Z, 354 or 354Z, 355 or 355Z; R Pos 354, 356, 452Z; A Rus 161 or 161Z, 251L, 252L, 253L.
Russian A minimum of 18 graduation credits in courses with A Rus prefix as advised with at least 9 credits in course work at the 300 level or above and/or in courses requiring at least one prerequisite course.
Sociology A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level) from course work with an A Soc prefix, including A Soc 115M or 115G.
Spanish A minimum of 18 graduation credits from course work with an A Spn prefix above A Spn 100L, including A Spn 205 or 206, 207, and 301 or 301Z.
Statistics A minimum of 18 hours graduation credits in courses with an A Mat prefix numbered 105 or above, including either (1) A Mat 367, 368, and 369 or (2) A Mat 367, 467, and 468. NOTE: This minor is not open to students with a major in Mathematics.
Teacher Education All students electing this as a minor must have been formally admitted to the Teacher Education Program and officially registered in the teaching program with the registrar's office. For all disciplines that have teaching program components, this minor consists of 24 credits. Specific course work required is identical to requirements stated under "Undergraduate Certification Requirements" in the teacher education section of this bulletin.
Theatre A minimum of 18 graduation credits from course work with an A Thr prefix, 9 or more of which must be in courses at or above the 300 level. Internship credits (A Thr 390 and 490) may not be used to satisfy minor requirements.
Students are urged to seek departmental advisement in planning their minors and in selecting courses. General suggestions for planning a minor follow:
Students interested in performance are advised to take A Thr 130 or 135 or 235L, 221L or 222L, 240, and 9 credits from the following: A Thr 300, 310, 320, 322 or 322Z, 340, 341, 343, 345, 350, 351, 406Z, 440, 446, 447, and 449.
Students interested in design and technical theatre are advised to take A Thr 130 or 135, and 15 credits from the following, 9 of which must be at or above the 300 level: A Thr 210Z, 235L, 250, 260, 263, 270, 280, 315, 360, 365, 370, 371, 375, 380L, 385, 386, 448, 465and 470.
Students interested in literature, history and theory are advised to take A Thr 221L and 222L and 12 credits from the following, 9 of which must be at or above the 300 level: A Thr 210Z, 225L, 320, 322 or 322Z, 406Z, 430, 455, and 456.
Urban Education A minimum of 21 graduation credits, including the 12-credit core (E Edu 275 or A Rel 275; E Edu 375; E Edu 400 or E Edu 401; E Edu 427) and 9 elective credits as advised by the minor adviser in the School of Education.
The following are examples of some courses that might be used as electives in this minor: A Aas 221, 240, 331, 333, 370, 440; A Ant 119N, 146, 343, 351/351Z, 372/372Z, 424; A Com 371; A Eas 321M; A Eco 341/341Z; A Gog 125M, 220M, 321M; A His 300/300Z, 318/318Z, 325/325Z; A Lcs 201, 240, 282M, 302, 321M; A Pln 220M, 425; A Soc 282M, 371/371Z, 373, 375, 440Z; A Spn 322; A Wss 240. Other courses, transfer work, specific topics courses, etc. may also be used if approved by the minor adviser in the School of Education.
Urban Studies and Planning A minimum of 18 graduation credits (9 or more of which must be in course work at or above the 300 level) as follows: A Gog 120 or 120Z, A Gog 125M, and either A Gog 220M or A Pln 220M; and 3 courses from A Ant 372 or 372Z; A Eas 321M; A Eco 341 or 341Z, 456Z; E Edu 400, 401, 427; A Gog 321M, 324, 480; A His 317 or 317Z, 318 or 318Z; A Lcs 321M; A Pln 320, 425, 426, 432, 443, 450, 475, 476, 485, 490A, 490B, 497; R Pos 323, 424; A Soc 371, 373, 375, 473Z.
