While a major in the Department of Political Science may be used as preparation for graduate programs in law, public administration, public affairs or other professional study, the major can also lead to entry-level employment in government or industry training programs and the programs provide a basis for effective citizen participation in public affairs, whether or not a student pursues further professional training. The most common careers are in law, government service, teaching, business, and journalism.

Special Programs or Opportunities

Recognizing the fact that a lawyer must be politically knowledgeable, many prelaw students major in political science. Individuals engaged in the practice of law automatically are involved in "political" activities because of their dealings with the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.

The location of the Graduate School of Public Affairs in the capital city of the Empire State affords students of political science unusual opportunities to observe and study the executive, judicial and legislative branches of the state government, the second largest public employer in the United States. With a few exceptions, the principal office of each state department, division, and office is located in Albany.

Internship opportunities are available for juniors and seniors to work in legislative and other governmental offices in Albany, and a new internship and educational program has been established for political science honors students in Washington, DC. See R Pos 338, 341, 342, and 495Z.

Library resources to support research in New York State government are excellent. Students have access to the New York State Library, with one of the largest collections in the world. State departments, divisions and offices also have specialized libraries containing information not commonly housed in university or public libraries.

Degree Requirements for the Major in Political Science

General Program B.A.: A minimum of 36 credits in political science including R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M or 102G and 103M or 103G; at least 18 credits from courses at or above the 300 level (including the concentration-see below); and at least 3 credits from courses at the 400 level that require a major research or writing project.

Majors in Political Science must pick an upper-division area of concentration in American Politics, Global Politics, Public Law, or Political Theory and take at least four courses in this area of concentration at the 300 or 400 level. It is recommended, but not required, that students take the 400- level writing intensive course that is part of the major in their area of concentration. The list of courses for each area of concentration follows:

American Politics

R Pos 303 (R Pub 303, R Pad 304)
R Pos 304 (R Pub 304)
R Pos 305 (R Pub 305)
R Pos 320
R Pos 321 (R Pub 321)
R Pos 323
R Pos 325 (R Pub 325)
R Pos 329 (R Pad 329)
R Pos 331
R Pos 332
R Pos 334
R Pos 337
R Pos 339
R Pos 341
R Pos 365
R Pos 402Z (R Pub 402Z)
R Pos 406Z (R Pub 406Z)
R Pos 411Z (R Pub 411Z)
R Pos 424
R Pos 430
R Pos 433 (A Wss 433)
R Pos 433Z (A Wss 433Z)
R Pos 435Z
R Pos 438Z
R Pos 439
R Pos 439Z
R Pos 495Z

Global Politics

R Pos 350 (R Pub 350)
R Pos 351
R Pos 352
R Pos 353
R Pos 354
R Pos 355
R Pos 356
R Pos 357 (A Lcs 357)
R Pos 358
R Pos 359 (A Jst 359)
R Pos 370
R Pos 371
R Pos 373
R Pos 374
R Pos 375
R Pos 376
R Pos 380
R Pos 383
R Pos 384
R Pos 385
R Pos 395 (R Pub 395)
R Pos 396 (R Pub 396)
R Pos 398 (R Pub 398)
R Pos 444
R Pos 444Z
R Pos 452Z
R Pos 461Z
R Pos 469
R Pos 469Z
R Pos 472Z
R Pos 473Z
R Pos 479
R Pos 479Z

Political Theory

R Pos 301
R Pos 302
R Pos 306
R Pos 307
R Pos 308
R Pos 310
R Pos 313
R Pos 314
R Pos 419Z

Public Law

R Pos 328 (R Pub 328)
R Pos 330
R Pos 333 (A Wss 333)
R Pos 335
R Pos 336
R Pos 410Z (R Pub 410Z)
R Pos 426Z
R Pos 427Z
R Pos 428
R Pos 429Z
R Pos 437Z
R Pos 449
R Pos 449Z

Internships cannot be used to satisfy the 400-level course requirement, but honors seminars or independent studies can be counted if they are appropriate and with permission.

Independent study courses are used to deal with topics not covered by regular departmental offerings and after classroom courses dealing with the same subject have been completed. Prior to registering for independent study, students must have their proposed research project approved by a faculty member willing to direct the research. The student's prospectus must outline the topic of the proposed research, indicate its importance to political science, and describe the methodology to be employed and methodological problems that may be encountered. Students may not register for independent study unless a copy of the prospectus, properly signed, has been filed with the department; independent study courses may not be used in lieu of classroom courses.

Public Administration courses, Public Policy courses and Criminal Justice 353 and 414 are acceptable as political science courses in meeting the 36-credit requirement in political science, but R Pad and R Crj 400- level courses cannot be used to satisfy the requirement of a 400-level course which requires a major research or writing project.

The Political internship (R Pos 338) is open only to juniors and seniors with a minimum overall average of 2.5 or higher. A maximum of 3 credits from R Pos 338, the former R Pos 431; and U Uni 390, 391 and 392 will be applied toward a major in Political Science. Approval of the undergraduate coordinator is required prior to enrollment.

The Department recommends that students take the 200-level survey and topical courses.

The Department offers a two-course sequence (R Pos 416Z and 417Z) in empirical methodology for social scientists. R Pos 416Z and R Pos 417Z are both required for all Public Affairs majors. They will satisfy some of the requirements for a minor in computing in the social sciences.

Honors Program

This program is designed to provide serious students of politics with the opportunity for a special educational experience in small seminars where they can develop their writing, discussion and analytical skills.

Majors may apply for admission to the Faculty Honors Committee at the end of the sophomore year, or for junior transfers, upon admission to the University. The requirements for admission include:

Overall cumulative grade point average of 3.25, with special attention paid to grades in political science courses.

Completion of 9 credits in political science (including, normally, R Pos 101M or 101G, R Pos 102M or 102G, and R Pos 103M or 103G) before beginning the program.

Submission of a one-page typed statement of purpose, a transcript of courses taken, and a letter of support from one member of the faculty or a teaching assistant.

Honors Program Requirements

1. The Honors Program will require 16 credits of honors work.

2. All students beginning the Honors Program will take Great Ideas in Political Science (R Pos 496Z). This seminar will be taught each fall and will be restricted to honors students only.

3. Students in the honors program must take two 4-credit honors versions of existing 300-level courses (R Pos 300-level + 1 credit R Pos 300). In addition to attending classes and doing the same assignments as the other students in the course, they will earn the additional fourth credit through a tutorial with the faculty member teaching the course that will include extra reading and writing assignments.

4. Students in the honors program will have the option of capping their studies with either a 4-credit honors thesis (R Pos 499Z) written under the supervision of a faculty member or a 4-credit version of an existing 400-level course in which the honors student will undertake a major writing project (R Pos 400-level + 1 credit R Pos 400) or R Pos 495Z.

5. Honors students will need to have an upper-division area of concentration ine American Politics, Global Politics, Public Law, or Political Theory. The two 300-level honors courses and the 400-level honors course or honors thesis can be used to fulfill this requirement.

Maintenance of a minimum grade point average of 3.25 overall and 3.50 in political science to continue in the program in the senior year and to graduate with honors.

Combined B.A./M.A. Programs

Political Science/Political Science

The combined B.A./M.A. program in political science/political science provides an opportunity for students of recognized academic ability and educational maturity to fulfill integrated requirements of undergraduate and master's degree programs from the beginning of the junior student to earn the B.A. and M.A. degrees within nine semesters.

The combined program requires a minimum of 143 credits, of which at least 32 must be graduate credits. In qualifying for the B.A., students must meet all University and school requirements, including the requirements of the major described previously, the minor requirement, the minimum 90-credit liberal arts and sciences requirement, general education requirements, and residency requirements. In qualifying for the M.A., students must meet all University and school requirements as outlined in the Graduate Bulletin, including completion of a minimum of 38 graduate credits and any other conditions such as field seminars and Master's Essay (R Pos 698), professional experience, and residency requirements. Up to 9 graduate credits may be applied simultaneously to both the B.A. and M.A. programs.

Students are considered as undergraduates until completion of 120 graduation credits and satisfactory completion of all B.A. requirements. Upon meeting B.A. requirements, students are automatically considered as graduate students.

Students may apply to the combined degree program in political science/political science at the beginning of their junior year or after the successful completion of 56 credits, but no later than the accumulation of 100 credits. To be eligible for admission, the student must have completed at least one semester in residency at this University.

The student must also have completed at least 6 credits of course work in political science at this University. A cumulative grade point average of 3.20 or higher, a grade point average of 3.20 or higher in course work completed at Albany, and three supportive letters of recommendation from faculty are required for consideration.

Political Science/Public Administration

The combined B.A./M.P.A. program in political science/public administration provides an opportunity for students of recognized academic ability and educational maturity to fulfill integrated requirements of undergraduate and master's degree programs from the beginning of the junior year. A carefully designed program can permit a student to earn the B.A. and M.P.A. degrees in one less semester than is normally required.

The combined program requires a minimum of 154 credits, of which at least 46 must be graduate credits. In qualifying for the B.A., students must meet all University and school requirements, including the requirements of the major described previously, the minor requirement, the minimum 90-credit liberal arts and sciences requirement, general education requirements, and residency requirements.

In qualifying for the M.P.A., students must meet all University and school requirements, as outlined in the Graduate Bulletin, including completion of a minimum of 46 graduate credits and any other conditions such as a research seminar, thesis, comprehensive examination, professional experience and residency requirements. Up to 12 graduate credits may be applied simultaneously to both the B.A. and M.P.A. programs.

Students are considered as undergraduates until completion of 120 graduation credits and satisfactory completion of all B.A. requirements. Upon meeting B.A. requirements, students are automatically considered as graduate students.

Students may apply to the combined degree program in political science/public administration at the beginning of their junior year or after the successful completion of 56 credits, but no later than the accumulation of 100 credits. To be eligible for admission, the student must have completed at least one semester in residency at this University. The student must also have completed at least 6 credits of course work in political science at this University. A cumulative grade point average of 3.20 or higher, a grade point average of 3.20 or higher in course work completed at Albany, and three supportive letters of recommendation from faculty are required for consideration. The Graduate Record Exam is not required. Of the 36 credits required for the B.A. degree in political science, at least 18 credits must be from courses taken in political science on this campus.

Introductory Courses

R Pos 101M American Politics (3)
General Education: SS
Introduction to the study of politics, focusing on American national government. Includes some discussion of theoretical questions (such as authority, representation and consent) and some illustrative examples from the area of comparative and international politics. R Pos 101G is a writing intensive version of R Pos 101M.

R Pos 101G American Politics (4)
General Education: SS & WI
Introduction to the study of politics, focusing on American national government. Includes some discussion of theoretical questions (such as authority, representation and consent) and some illustrative examples from the area of comparative and international politics. R Pos 101G is a writing intensive version of R Pos 101M.

R Pos 102M Comparative and International Politics (3)
General Education: SS
The characteristics and development of statehood and power; conditions of stability; constitutions and the comparative political processes; the international order and the nation-state system. R Pos 102G is the writing intensive version of R Pos 102M.

R Pos 102G Comparative and International Politics (3)
General Education: SS, WI
The characteristics and development of statehood and power; conditions of stability; constitutions and the comparative political processes; the international order and the nation-state system. R Pos 102G is the writing intensive version of R Pos 102M.

R Pos 103M Political Theory (3)
General Education: SS
An introductory course in the history of political theory with an emphasis on understanding political ideas and concepts and applying them to perennial issues of political life. R Pos 103G is a writing intensive version of R Pos 103M.

R Pos 103G Political Theory (4)
General Education: SS & WI
An introductory course in the history of political theory with an emphasis on understanding political ideas and concepts and applying them to perennial issues of political life. R Pos 103G is a writing intensive version of R Pos 103M.

Survey and Topical Courses

R Pos 203 Political Thought (3)
Original works in the history of Western political thought, emphasizing the relevance of this material for understanding political concepts, reflecting on political problems, and critically analyzing contemporary political institutions and ideas.

R Pos 204 Selected Problems in Political Science (3)
Selected problems pertaining to political science and/or public policy. May be repeated if the selected problem is substantially changed. R Pos 204Z is a writing intensive version of R Pos 204.

R Pos 204Z Selected Problems in Political Science (3)
General Education: WI
May be repeated if the selected problem is substantially changed. R Pos 204Z is a writing intensive version of R Pos 204.

R Pos 240 (= R Pub 240) Introduction to Public Policy (3)
Introduction to the theory and practice of public policy analysis. Emphasizes the theoretical questions surrounding the role of knowledge and intelligence in the formulation and implementation of public choices. The nature of choice and decision, the problems of control and prediction, the contradictions between rational decision and political action are among the topics considered. Only one of R Pos 240 and R Pub 240 may be taken for credit.

R Pos 340 (= R Pub 340) Introduction to Policy Analysis (3)
Policy analysis involves advising policy makers about political, technical, and implementation feasibility of their options. This course will introduce students to different roles played by analysts, techniques of analysis, and to the range of generic policy implements. Only one of R Pos 340 & R Pub 340 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G.

Courses in American Politics

R Pos 303 (= R Pub 303 & R Pad 304) Public Policy in Theory and Practice (3)
Examines the theoretical foundations of public policy research, of alternative models of public policy formation, their methodologies, and the relationship between the theory and practice of the policy sciences. Inquiries into the practice of public policy; focuses on actual policies in a substantive area. Only one of R Pad 304, R Pos 303 and R Pub 303 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G or R Pos 240 or R Pub 240, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 320 American Federalism (3)
This course focuses on the theoretical, constitutional, and political dimensions of American federalism, including the tensions between the planes of government, interstate relations, and the problem-solving capabilities of the federal system. Particular emphasis is placed upon the formal powers of each plane of government and the limitations upon these powers. The reasons for and the political significance of the increasing use of preemption powers by the Congress will be examined. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 321 (= R Pub 321; formerly R Pos 205) State and Local Government (3)
Course focus is on intergovernmental relations; the interdependent roles of governors, legislatures, and courts in policy making and implementation; the organization, functions, and jurisdiction of local governments; interaction of political parties and interest groups with formal institutions and processes; and problems in selected functional areas. Emphasis will be placed upon socio-economic trends leading to change in state and local governments, consequent issues raised, and proposals made in response to such issues. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G. Only one of R Pos 321 and R Pub 321 may be taken for credit.

R Pos 323 Urban Government (3)
Examines governmental patterns in major urban areas of the United States. Considers the nature of a municipal corporation, forms of government, state-local relations, and urban politics. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 325 (= R Pub 325) The Government and Politics of New York State (3)
Introduction to the major political governmental institutions in New York. Examines the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government; the nature of parties and election, and of selected policy questions. Only one of R Pos 325 & R Pub 325 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 205.

R Pos 329 (= R Pad 329) Bureaucratic Politics (3)
Examination of political behavior within and among administrative agencies, focusing on the sources of power in the bureaucracy and the ways in which agencies use their political resources to shape public policy. Only one of R Pos 329 and R Pad 329 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 331 American Legislatures (3)
Examination of the legislative function in the American political system. Inquiry into the sources of legislative power, the institutions involved in formulating legislation, and the people who participate in the legislative process. This course is recommended for students contemplating a legislative internship. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 332 The Presidency (3)
The principal institutions, functions and problems of the executive branch of government. Emphasizes the President as political leader, head of state, and administrator, as well as on his relations with Congress. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 334 American Political Parties and Groups (3)
Examination of the theory, organizational forms and dynamics of political group formation and activity, with special attention given to the political party system, interest groups, political leadership and electoral behavior. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 337 Campaigns and Elections in U.S. (3)
This course will examine how people run for office in the United States. We will examine elections for the presidency, Congress, etc. Topics will include the decision to run prenomination and general election campaigns; the role of parties; interest groups; media; campaign finance; advertising and other campaign techniques. The assignments also include historical comparisons to consider what makes some elections more significant than others. We need to ask what elections really decide besides who holds office. Ultimately; the basic issue is whether the structure and content of U.S. elections fosters or distorts democratic representation.

R Pos 339 Political Socialization (3)
Political socialization and its relationship to the development of political attitudes, political participation, and the maintenance and change of political systems. Both theoretical and empirical works are considered. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 341 Washington in Perspective (3)
A course using current government and politics to evaluate political science treatments of the subject. Offered as part of the department's spring Washington Semester program. Admission by application. Preference given Pos Honors students; other majors and nonmajors admitted up to enrollment cap. Brochures, applications, informational meeting dates, available from department. Deadlines and interviews in the early fall. Prerequisites: R Pos 101M or 101G, one 300 course in American government, junior class standing. Co-requisites: R Pos 342 and 495Z. Counts toward a political science major or minor. A-E graded.

R Pos 365 Government and the Mass Media (3)
Study of the relation of the mass media to the American political process, including an examination of the effect of the mass media on legislative actions, the executive, voting behavior and the bureaucracy. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 406Z (= R Pub 406Z) Implementation and Impact (3)
General Education: WI
Examination of the process by which policies are put into effect, alterations during that process; effects, intended and unintended; and feedback into further policy making. Implementation and impact of legislative, administrative and judicial policies, in particular policy areas. Only one of R Pos 406Z & R Pub 406Z may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and R Pos 240 or R Pub 240.

R Pos 424 Community Politics (3)
Examines the bases of power at the local level. Political power, social stratification and technology are discussed within a historical and contemporary context. Recommended: prior course in state and local government. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 430 Founding the American National Government (3)
Many contemporary disputes in American politics reflect ongoing debates that were first articulated clearly during the drafting and ratification of the Constitution in 1787. (Some examples: war powers, small versus large government, governmental concern with character formation or morality, factions and the common good, direct democracy versus representation, the role of "elites", etc.) This course will examine the founding debates closely, linking specific decisions to some of the broad themes just mentioned. It will also use student papers to carry the disputes through the early years of the government. The course will require interpretive papers based on assigned reading, and one research paper based on primary source documentation. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 433 (= A Wss 433) Women, Politics, and Power (3)
Examines the role of women within American society; identifies the systematic factors that have contributed to women's sociopolitical exclusion; and investigates selected contemporary ideologies that posit a redefinition of the power relationships within society as the primary political objective. R Pos 433Z & A Wss 433Z are the writing intensive versions of R Pos 433 & A Wss 433; only one of the four courses may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 433Z (= A Wss 433Z) Women, Politics, and Power (3)
General Education: WI
R Pos 433Z & A Wss 433Z are the writing intensive versions of R Pos 433 & A Wss 433; only one of the four courses may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 435Z Congress and the Presidency (3)
General Education: WI
An examination of the dynamic political inter-relationship between the elected branches of government. Specific topics may vary from year to year, but typical ones would include: the President's legislative role; Congress's role in foreign and national security policy; the budget as a vehicle for interbranch conflict; and proposals for institutional reform. Short, theme papers and a longer research paper will be required. Some previous course work on Congress or the Presidency is recommended. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 438Z Political Behavior (3)
General Education: WI
Politically relevant behaviors are discussed in terms of their psychological and sociological determinants. Emphasizes manifest and latent political training in numerous contexts. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 439 Topics in American Politics (3)
Special topics course in American politics. Topics will vary from semester to semester. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing or permission of instructor.

R Pos 439Z Topics in American Politics (3)
General Education: WI
R Pos 439Z is the writing intensive version of R Pos 439; only one may be taken for credit. Special topics course in American politics. Topics will vary from semester to semester. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing or permission of instructor.

R Pos 495Z Research and Writing in Washington (4)
This is the term paper research and writing component of the department's spring Washington Semester program. Admission by application. Preference given Pos Honors students; other majors and nonmajors admitted up to enrollment cap. Brochures, applications, informational meeting dates, available from department. Deadlines and interviews in the early fall. Prerequisites: R Pos 101M or 101G, one 300 course in American government, junior class standing. Co-requisites: R Pos 341 and 342. Counts as an honors seminar or writing intensive course toward a political science major or minor. A- E graded.

Courses in Global Politics

R Pos 350 (= R Pub 350) Comparative Public Policy (3)
Comparison of the processes, content and impact of public policy in both developed and underdeveloped, socialist and nonsocialist countries. Only one of R Pos 350 & R Pub 350 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G or R Pos 240 or R Pub 240, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 351 European Politics (3)
Politics and political change in contemporary Europe, as reflected in ideology, organization and leadership. Both Western and Eastern Europe are treated in a common, comparative framework. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 352 Politics of France: Ancien Regime to Present (3)
A broad survey of French politics from the revolution to the present. Historical, economic, literary and political themes will be addressed. Comparative political topics also will include revolution, class conflict, multiparty systems, urban-rural conflict, industrialization, corporatism, religious conflict, and international power struggles among nations. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M.

R Pos 353 Developing Political Systems (3)
A study of political development and modernization in The Third World of Asia, Africa and Latin America; the meanings and measurement of the concepts; groups involved in the process such as the military, bureaucracies, intellectuals, minorities and charismatic leaders. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 354 Russian Domestic Politics (3)
In-depth study of Russian and Soviet internal politics, 1861 to the present. Emphasizes the activities of the Communist party of the Soviet Union-political, economic and ideological-and changing characteristics of the Soviet political system. Equal attention to the origins of the Communist party and to the Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov, Gorbachev and Yeltsin eras. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 355 Government and Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa (3)
The relationship between ideologies, institutions and individuals in African political systems. Examines implications of these factors for African political behaviors (domestic and international). Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 356 Russian Foreign Policy (3)
Survey of Soviet and Russian activities in international relations, 1917 to the present. Attention is focused on the Soviet Union's relations with Western Europe, Eastern Europe, China, the developing nations, and the United States, and contemporary Russian policy. Previous study of Soviet internal politics is desirable, but not a prerequisite. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 357 (= A Lcs 357) Latin American Politics (3)
The domestic political institutions, the forces which shape the quest for power, and the processes by which public policies are determined in Latin America. Only one of R Pos 357 & A Lcs 357 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 359 (= A Jst 359) Israeli Politics (3)
In-depth study of the political system of Israel: its history, social and political cleavages, governing institutions and persistent problems. Only one of R Pos 359 & A Jst 359 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 370 International Relations: Theory (3)
The uses of theory in observing the interaction patterns found in the international system. Examines concepts of equilibrium, conflict and nationalism. Theoretical propositions about power, war and diplomacy are tested and counter-theories formulated. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 371 International Relations: Practice (3)
Fundamental procedures of interstate and transnational relations. The historical evolution of the international system, statecraft, the use of force, negotiation and diplomacy, alliance formation, and nationalism and imperialism. Note: R Pos 370 is not a prerequisite for R Pos 371. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 373 Government and Politics in the People's Republic of China (3)
Examination of the origins of the Communist movement in China against the backdrop of the decline of dynastic rule and the era of Western imperialism. The implications of ideology, institutions, and individuals of ideology, institutions and individuals for public policy in the People's Republic of China. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 375 International Organization (3)
The structure and processes of the United Nations evaluated in terms of its historical antecedents and the challenges that face it. The operational foundations of the specialized agencies and such other governmental organizations as are universal in character. Close attention to the forces and interest groups of international scope to which the United Nations and related organizations respond. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 376 The Foreign Policy of the People's Republic of China (3)
The post-1949 foreign policy of the People's Republic of China, especially vis-à-vis the United States, the Soviet Union, Western Europe, Japan and an array of developing countries. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 380 Basics of International Law (3)
Analytical survey of the precedents and limitations of world law. The uses of law for the pacific settling of disputes and wars using varied texts, cases and documents. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 383 American Foreign Policy (3)
An examination of the patterns of American foreign policy in economic and security issues from the turn of the century through the end of the Cold War. This analysis provides the basis for discussion of the prospects for American foreign policy as we move into the 21st century. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 384 Formulation of American Foreign Policy (3)
Introduction to the political institutions and values of the American foreign policy process. Issues considered: American national character; the search for national interests; the role of interest groups and public opinion; the Congress; the presidency; the military-industrial complex; the policy system in times of peace and Cold War. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 385 Vietnam: The Politics of Intervention (3)
This course will examine the war in Vietnam from 1954-1975 in light of general theories of intervention. It will focus both on the general difficulties often posed by small wars, and on the particular problems that arose in the U.S./Vietnamese context. Particular emphasis will be placed on initial involvement of the U.S., the prospect of nation building in Vietnam, American military strategy, alternative strategies, and the diverse and sometimes ironic consequences of the war. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 395 (= R Pub 395) International Political Economy (3)
Examines world trade conflicts and impact of economic nationalism on global economy. Emphasizes U.S. policy formulation in recent decades and trade protection and economic nationalism as exercised in U.S. domestic and foreign policy. Only one of R Pub 395 & R Pos 395 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G or R Pos 101M or R Pub 240, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 396 (= R Pub 396) Energy Policy, Domestic and International (3)
Analyzes present and future shortfall of energy supplies, availability of fuel sources to replace imported oil or U.S. energy production, and conflicts between OPEC, OECD consumers, and U.S. government. Projections of future conflict over energy controls within and between nation states. Only one of R Pub 396 & R Pos 396 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G or R Pos 240 or R Pub 240, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 398 (= R Pub 398) Comparative National Security Policy (3)
The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the major theoretical explanations for the foundation and implementation of national security policy. The course will focus on two central questions. First, what determines the basic security strategy of different states? Second, once this strategy is mapped, how do different states translate strategy into particular defense policies? A variety of historical cases will be used to determine which theories best answer these questions. Only one of R Pos 398 & R Pub 398 may be taken for credit.

R Pos 452Z Communist and Post-Communist Political Systems (3)
General Education: WI
The characteristics of East European regimes in the modern world: the role of the political parties; the state and bureaucracy, mostly after World War II and in the aftermath of the collapse of communism; relations of these states in the world political system. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 461Z Comparative Ethnicity (3)
General Education: WI
The composition and problems of various ethnic and religious minorities: their origins, characteristics, political mobilization, and degree of integration into the social and political systems of the new nations of Asia, Africa and Latin America examined against a background of European, American and Soviet experience. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 469 Topics in Comparative Politics (3)
Special topics course in Comparative Politics. R Pos 469Z is the writing intensive version of R Pos 469; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): two courses in Comparative Politics or permission of instructor.

R Pos 469Z Topics in Comparative Politics (3)
General Education: WI
Special topics course in Comparative Politics. R Pos 469Z is the writing intensive version of R Pos 469; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): two courses in Comparative Politics or permission of instructor.

R Pos 472Z International Conflict and Resolution (3)
General Education: WI
An inquiry that includes strategic studies, arms control, foreign policy, and super power relations in the global threat system. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G, 102M, 370 or 371, and junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 473Z Economic Relations in the Global System (3)
General Education: WI
An inquiry into international trade relations, energy and foreign economic policies adopted by industrial and developing nations, and the exchange relations that govern the course of transnational politics. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G, 102M, and junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 479 Topics in International Relations (3)
Special topics course in International Relations. R Pos 479Z is the writing intensive version of R Pos 479; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): two courses in International Relations or permission of instructor.

R Pos 479Z Topics in International Relations (3)
General Education: WI
Special topics course in International Relations. R Pos 479Z is the writing intensive version of R Pos 479; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): two courses in International Relations or permission of instructor.

Courses in Political Theory

R Pos 301 History of Political Theory I (3)
An examination of classical texts in political theory from ancient Greece to the 15th century. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 302 History of Political Theory II (3)
An examination of classical text in modern political thought from the Renaissance to the 19th century. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 306 Contemporary Democratic Theory (3)
An historical and analytical examination of modern conceptions of democracy. .The course will focus on the meaning of democracy, the justifications for democratic self- governments and the variety of models that have been offered as the realization of a democratic society and their forms of democratic legitimization.

R Pos 307 American Political Theory (3)
The development of political thought and action in the American experience. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 308 Theorists and Theorizing (3)
This course will focus on the work of a single political theorist. Students will become acquainted with the major writings of one theorist who has been chosen both for the historical and contemporary significance of his/her thought and for the purpose of learning the value of in-depth study of works that have such a significance. Along with studying the work of a major theorist, students may examine the different interpretations of that work and the conflicts and problems that arise in the practice of interpretation. May be repeated for credit if topic varies.

R Pos 310 Contemporary Political Philosophy (3)
Analysis of selected perspectives in the political and social thought of the 19th and 20th centuries. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 313 Feminist Social and Political Thought (3)
The major documents of American, English and Continental feminist thought. Emphasizes chronological development and continuity and change in feminist theory. Particular attention to the directions feminism has taken since the 1960's. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 314 Problems of Political Inquiry (3)
Introduction to the discipline of political science and contemporary approaches to the study of politics. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101 and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 419Z Seminar in Political Theory (3)
General Education: WI
Special topics in political theory and philosophy. Prerequisite(s): two courses in political theory or permission of instructor.

R Pos 328 (= R Pub 328) Law and Public Policy (3)
Examination of the role of the of the courts in the public policy process and in substantive policy fields; integrates the literature of law and policy and applies it to such areas as mental health care, corrections, human resources, education, and housing policy. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 240 or R Pub 240 or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 330 The American Judiciary (3)
The structure and function of the courts in the American political system with special attention to staffing, the decision-making process, judicial policy making, and checks upon judicial power. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 333 (= A Wss 333) Women and the Law (3)
Examination of the various specific ways in which the law affects women by discriminating on the basis of sex and of the relationship between law and social norms regarding sex roles. Only one of R Pos 333 & A Wss 333 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 335 The American Supreme Court (3)
The role of the Supreme Court in American political life. Topics include: access to the court; the nature of Supreme Court decision making; the selection of Supreme Court justices; the relationship between the Supreme Court and the executive and legislative branches of government; and the major substantive issues with which the Supreme Court has been concerned. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 336 Civil Liberties (3)
The ways in which the courts have interpreted the Constitution with respect to individual freedoms. Examines a range of source materials to assess the role of the judiciary in arbitrating between the individual and the state, and its implications in American political life. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 410Z (= R Pub 410Z) Minorities and the Politico-Legal System (3)
General Education: WI
Selected minority problems that appear in connection with the politico-legal system. Considers legislative, administrative and judicial responses and explores alternative public policy options. Only one of R Pos 410Z & R Pub 410Z may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 426Z American Constitutional Law (3)
General Education: WI
Examination of basic cases in their historical settings and analysis in terms of legal or constitutional issues and judicial doctrines, including judicial review, separation of powers, division of power, interstate relations, the power to tax and spend, war powers and treaty powers. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 427Z American Constitutional Law (3)
General Education: WI
Examination of basic cases in their historical settings and analysis in terms of legal or constitutional issues and judicial doctrines, civil and political rights, the privileges and immunities of citizenship, due process and equal protection. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 428 American Constitutional Law (3)
Examination of basic cases in their historical settings and analysis in terms of legal or constitutional issues and judicial doctrines in the area of criminal justice, including search and seizure, self- incrimination, the right to counsel, and the right of a fair trial. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 429Z Administrative Law (3)
General Education: WI
Study of the law governing administrative agencies providing the basis of their authority and limits on their activities. Considers the foundations of administrative justice, formal administrative procedure, and the law and politics of regulation. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 437Z The Legal Process (3)
General Education: WI
Examination of central aspects of the legal process, focusing primarily on Anglo-American common law. Attention to the meaning of law and law's functions; legal education and practice; basic procedural matters, and exposure to the law of manufacturer's liability, contracts and labor management relations (injunctions and administrative law). Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 449 Topics in Public Law (3)
Special topics course in Public Law. R Pos 449Z is the writing intensive version of R Pos 449; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): two courses in Public Law or permission of instructor.

R Pos 449Z Topics in Public Law (3)
General Education: WI
Special topics course in Public Law. R Pos 449Z is the writing intensive version of R Pos 449; only one may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): two courses in Public Law or permission of instructor.

Courses in Empirical Methodology

R Pos 416Z Research Methods in Political Science I (3)
General Education: WI
Introduction to research design, statistics, and computer usage in political science and public affairs with an emphasis on the interpretation of results. Students examine experimental and quasi-experimental and nonexperimental research designs, summarize and present univariate distributions, perform bivariate and multivariate analyses including simple cross-tabulations and multiple regression analysis, and learn to use a computer to perform statistical and data management operations. Required for public affairs majors. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pos 417Z Research Methods in Political Science II (3)
General Education: WI
Continuation of R Pos 416Z. It is expected that students will have taken R Pos 416Z during the first semester of the current academic year in which they enroll for this course. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 416Z.

Independent Study, Tutorials, Seminars, and Internships

R Pos 300 Honors Tutorial in Political Science (1)
A one-credit honors tutorial accompanying a 300-level political science course. Open only to students in the Political Science Honors Program. Prerequisite(s): permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit.

R Pos 338 Political Internship (3)
Active participation in the political process through working in a staff position of recognized political organizations or institutions. Interested students should contact the coordinator of undergraduate studies in Political Science. Internships are open only to qualified juniors and seniors who have an overall grade point average of 2.50 or higher. May be taken only once for credit. S/U graded.

The B.A. in Public Policy is offered by the Department of Public Administration and Policy. The Public Policy program is a joint major/minor program designed to help intellectually mature and motivated students understand and respond to changes in government and society. The program helps students understand how public problems are defined, and how policies are made and implemented to address those problems.

Public policy making affects everyone and involves questions of politics, economics, administration and management. A B.A. in public policy will help the student develop a broad interdisciplinary understanding of the forces that affect what government does and why.

Combining a student-designed concentration with field experience, the combined major and minor in Public Policy assists students through an interdisciplinary approach to develop analytic ability, research skills, and substantive competence in a specific public policy area. Student-selected technical and theoretical courses help develop skills and background desirable to future employers.

Concentrations

Typical policy concentrations include business-government relations, civil rights policy, criminal justice policy, environmental policy, foreign policy and international relations, health policy, labor relations and personnel policy, law and policy, policy and politics, public administration and management, social welfare policy, urban policy, and women and public policy. Students may work with their adviser to develop a concentration in other issue areas.

Careers

The Public Policy curriculum combines a strong academic program with opportunities to develop expertise in a particular policy area and hone communications and analytical skills. The program is excellent preparation for graduate study, law school, or employment in the public, private or nonprofit sectors. Graduates of the Public Policy program are employed in the state legislature, the executive branch, and have gone on to graduate study and careers in business, law, and management.

Internships

The internship is an integral part of the Public Policy degree. The University's location in the state capital affords students with unique opportunities for internships directly related to their fields of interest. These internships can be in the legislature, state agencies, private firms, and nonprofit organizations. The internship can give students practical experience, useful recommendations, and substantial advantages in graduate admissions and job placement.

Degree Requirements for the Major in Public Policy

General Program B.A.: The major in public policy is a combined major and minor program requiring a minimum of 54 credits as follows: Required courses (33 credits): R Pad 303, 329; R Pub 240, 340, 498, 499; R Pos 101M, 416Z, 417Z; A Eco 110M and 111M.

One restricted elective course (3 credits) must be selected from any of the Political Science, Public Administration, and/or Public Policy course offerings.

Approved concentration (18 credits): In consultation with a faculty adviser the student will develop a concentration either in policy issues or methodology. It must be approved by the director of the Public Policy Program. It can stretch across several disciplines so long as three of the six courses are at the 300-level or above or have at least one prerequisite; and it should be related to the senior seminar and internship programs selected in R Pub 498 and 499.

Combined B.A./M.A. Program

The combined B.A./M.A. program provides an opportunity for students of recognized academic ability and educational maturity to fulfill integrated requirements of undergraduate and master's degree programs from the beginning of the junior year. A carefully designed program can permit a student to earn the B.A. and M.A. degrees within 10 semesters.

The combined program requires a minimum of 148 credits, of which at least 40 must be graduate credits. In qualifying for the B.A., students must meet all University and school requirements, including the requirements of the major described previously, the minimum 90-credit liberal arts and sciences requirement, general education requirements, and residency requirements. In qualifying for the M.A., students must meet all University and school requirements as outlined in the Graduate Bulletin, including completion of a minimum of 40 graduate credits and any other conditions such as a research seminar, thesis, professional experience, and residency requirements. Up to 12 graduate credits may be applied simultaneously to both the B.A. and M.A. programs.

Students are considered as undergraduates until completion of 120 graduation credits and satisfactory completion of all B.A. requirements. Upon meeting B.A. requirements, students are automatically considered as graduate students.

Students may apply to the combined degree program at the beginning of their junior year or after the successful completion of 56 credits, but no later than the accumulation of 100 credits. A cumulative grade point average of 3.20 or higher and three letters of recommendation from faculty are required for consideration.

Public Policy Program

R Pub 201 (= R Pad 201) Living with Large Organizations (3)
Exploration of basic ideas about people in large organizations, the social structure in such organizations, and how they interact with their environment. Only one of R Pad 201 & R Pub 201 may be taken for credit.

R Pub 240 (= R Pos 240) Introduction to Public Policy (3)
Introduction to the theory and practice of public policy analysis. Emphasizes the theoretical questions surrounding the role of knowledge and intelligence in the formulation and implementation of public choices. The nature of choice and decision, the problems of control and prediction, the contradictions between rational decision and political action are among the topics considered. Only one of R Pub 240 & R Pos 240 may be taken for credit.

R Pub 301 The Philosophy of Public Policy (3)
Examination of the various theoretical approaches to the study of public policy and of the ethical, epistemological, ideological, and logical problems encountered in an examination of the claims of contemporary policy science. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and R Pos 240 or R Pub 240.

R Pub 303 (= R Pad 304 & R Pos 303) Public Policy in Theory and Practice (3)
Examines the theoretical foundations of public policy research, of alternative models of public policy formation, their methodologies, and the relationship between the theory and practice of the policy sciences. Inquiries into the practice of public policy; focuses on actual policies in a substantive area. Only one of R Pad 304, R Pub 303 & R Pos 303 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G or R Pos 240 or R Pub 240, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pub 321 (= R Pos 321; formerly R Pub 205) State and Local Government (3)
Course focus is on intergovernmental relations; the interdependent roles of governors, legislatures, and courts in policy making and implementation; the organization, functions, and jurisdiction of local governments; interaction of political parties and interest groups with formal institutions and processes; and problems in selected functional areas. Emphasis will be placed upon socio-economic trends leading to change in state and local governments, consequent issues raised, and proposals made in response to such issues. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G. Only one of R Pos 321 and R Pub 321 may be taken for credit.

R Pub 325 (= R Pos 325) The Government and Politics of New York State (3)
Introduction to the major political governmental institutions in New York. Examines the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government; the nature of parties and election, and of selected policy questions. Only one of R Pos 325 & R Pub 325 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 205.

R Pub 328 (= R Pos 328) Law and Public Policy (3)
Examination of the role of the courts in the public policy process and in substantive policy fields; integrates the literature of law and policy and applies it to such areas as mental health care, corrections, human resources, education, and housing policy. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 240 or junior or senior class standing.

R Pub 340 (= R Pos 340) Introduction to Policy Analysis (3)
Policy analysis involves advising policy makers about political, technical, and implementation feasibility of their options. This course will introduce students to different roles played by analysts, techniques of analysis. and to the range of generic policy implements. Only one of R Pos 340 & R Pub 340 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G.

R Pub 350 (= R Pos 350) Comparative Public Policy (3)
Comparison of the processes, content, and impact of public policy in both developed and underdeveloped, socialist and nonsocialist countries. Only one of R Pub 350 & R Pos 350 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G or R Pos 240 or R Pub 240, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pub 395 (= R Pos 395) International Political Economy (3)
Examines world trade conflicts and impact of economic nationalism on global economy. Emphasizes U.S. policy formulation in recent decades, trade protection and economic nationalism as exercised in U.S. domestic and foreign policy. Only one of R Pub 395 & R Pos 395 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G or R Pos 101M or R Pub 240, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pub 396 (= R Pos 396) Energy Policy, Domestic and International (3)
Analyzes present and future shortfall of energy supplies, availability of fuel sources to replace imported oil or U.S. energy production, and conflicts between OPEC, OECD consumers, and U.S. government. Projects future conflict over energy controls within and between nation states. Only one of R Pub 396 & R Pos 396 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G or R Pos 240 or R Pub 240, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pub 398 (= R Pos 398) Comparative National Security Policy (3)
The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the major theoretical explanations for the foundation and implementation of national security policy. The course will focus of two central questions. First, what determines the basic security strategy of different states? Second, once this strategy is mapped, how do different states translate strategy into particular defense policies? A variety of historical cases will be used to determine which theories best answer these questions. Prerequisite(s): none. Only one of R Pos 398 & R Pub 398 may be taken for credit.

R Pub 399 (= R Pos 399) Selected Topics (3)
Investigation of selected topics in political science and/or public policy. Specific topics selected and announced by the instructor when offered. May be repeated once if the selected topic is substantively changed. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M and 102M, and permission of instructor.

R Pub 406Z (= R Pos 406Z) Implementation and Impact (3)
General Education: WI
Examination of the process by which policies are put into effect and alterations during that process; effects, intended and unintended; and feedback into further policy making. Implementation and impact of legislative, administrative and judicial policies, in particular policy areas. Only one of R Pub 406Z & R Pos 406Z may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and R Pos 240 or R Pub 240.

R Pub 410Z (= R Pos 410Z) Minorities and the Politico-Legal System (3)
General Education: WI
Selected minority problems that appear in connection with the politico-legal system. Considers legislative, administrative, and judicial responses and explores alternative public policy options. Only one of R Pub 410Z & R Pos 410Z may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pub 414 (= R Pad 414) Analysis in Public Administration (3)
Overview of operations and techniques used in systems analysis. Examples are used to demonstrate how these analytical methods can be employed to make more informed policy decisions. Only one of R Pub 414 & R Pad 414 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing.

R Pub 497 Independent Study (1-6)
Reading or research under the direction of appropriate faculty. Prerequisite(s): R Pub 240 or R Pos 240, or junior or senior class standing; and permission of instructor and department chair.

R Pub 498 Internship in Public Affairs (3)
Complements the selected core concentration of the public affairs major. By participating with specific learning objectives in an agency or organization, the student is afforded an opportunity to test-in a nonacademic setting-the concepts and theoretical orientations examined in the classroom. Students are expected to take advantage of the internship opportunity to relate their experience to the generalized literature in the field. Limited to students in the public affairs major and is normally taken in the last year of the program. Internships are open only to qualified juniors and seniors who have an overall grade point average of 2.50 or higher. Prerequisite(s): permission of instructor. S/U graded.

R Pub 499 (= R Pad 499) Senior Seminar in Public Affairs (3)
Intensive examination of selected problems in public affairs. Students are expected to write a substantial research paper demonstrating analytic sophistication and knowledge of the relevant scholarly literature. Specific topics are designated by arrangement with the instructor. Limited to public affairs majors. Only one of R Pub 499 & R Pad 499 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): permission of instructor.

Public Administration Courses

R Pad 201 (= R Pub 201) Living with Large Organizations (3)
Exploration of basic ideas about people in large organizations, the social structure in such organizations, and how they interact with their environment. Only one of R Pad 201 & R Pub 201 may be taken for credit.

R Pad 303 Public Administration and Management (3)
Introduction to the field of public administration as its theory and practice have developed in the United States, emphasizing current trends and problems of organization and management in such areas as personnel policy, budget making, policy research, and planning. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing.

R Pad 304 (= R Pos 303 & R Pub 303) Public Policy in Theory and Practice (3)
Examines the theoretical foundations of public policy research, of alternative models of public policy formation, their methodologies, and the relationship between the theory and practice of the policy series. Inquiries into the practice of public policy; focuses on actual policies in a substantive area. Only one of R Pad 304, R Pos 303, & R Pub 303 may be taken for credit.

R Pad 329 (= R Pos 329) Bureaucratic Politics (3)
Examination of political behavior within and among administrative agencies, focusing on the sources of power in the bureaucracy, and the ways in which agencies use their political resources to shape public policy. Only one of R Pad 329 & R Pos 329 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): R Pos 101M or 101G and 102M, or junior or senior class standing.

R Pad 411 Special Topics in Public Administration: Program Evaluation Training (1)
This class will introduce participants to the concepts that are essential to evaluation. Topics discussed will include: program measures (methods, management characteristics, etc.), participant measures, intervening measures (changes in economy, management, demographics, etc.), impact measures, different viewpoints of evaluation (program participants, program staff, policy makers, etc.), and measurement levels (individual vs. agency vs. society). This course is the shared resources equivalent of the graduate course R Pad 511.
S/U graded.

R Pad 414 (= R Pub 414) Policy Analysis in Public Administration (3)
Overview of operations and techniques used in systems analysis. Examples are used to demonstrate how these analytical methods can be employed to make more informed policy decisions. Only one of R Pad 414 & R Pub 414 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing.

R Pad 424 Systems Thinking and Strategy Development (4)
The course represents a set of concepts and tools for thinking through complex system-wide problems that challenge government managers' ability to design and manage cross-agency and intergovernmental policies and programs. Students will learn to diagnose and solve complex system-level problems by applying systems thinking and strategic planning tools to case examples. Prerequisite(s): permission of instructor.

R Pad 499 (= R Pub 499) Program Seminar-Energy: Crisis and Policy (3)
Exploration of the nature and future of the energy problem. Public policies (e.g., production, regulation, development of alternative sources, conservation, foreign trade, and public safety) are emphasized. Only one of R Pad 499 & R Pub 499 may be taken for credit. Prerequisite(s): junior or senior class standing.