class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # Exploring Socioeconomic Indices with R ##
### Francis Boscoe, Ph.D. ### Founder, Pumphandle, LLC ### April 9, 2020 --- Where you live is a good indicator of socioeconomic position ![](https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/30c94096-1589-42f3-b55a-3dd2c17da14d/downloads/housing.png?ver=1586543866437) --- Life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy at birth, by neighborhood income level, England, 1999-2003. ![](https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/30c94096-1589-42f3-b55a-3dd2c17da14d/downloads/marmot1.png?ver=1586543866437) ##### Fair Society, Healthy Lives: The Marmot Review (www.ucl.ac.uk/marmotreview) --- Inequality in early cognitive development of children in the 1970 British cohort study, at ages 22 months to 10 years. ![](https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/30c94096-1589-42f3-b55a-3dd2c17da14d/downloads/marmot2.png?ver=1586543866437) ##### Fair Society, Healthy Lives: The Marmot Review (www.ucl.ac.uk/marmotreview) --- Populations living in areas the least favorable environmental conditions across various environmental categories. ![](https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/30c94096-1589-42f3-b55a-3dd2c17da14d/downloads/marmot3.png?ver=1586543866437) ##### Fair Society, Healthy Lives: The Marmot Review (www.ucl.ac.uk/marmotreview) --- class: middle #### Examples of two SES indexes currently in use: Yost index – 7 variables from ACS - Rent - Income - Home value - Poverty rate - Blue-collar employment - Unemployment rate - Years of education completed Area Deprivation Index – 17 variables from ACS - All of the Yost variables - Education and poverty measured twice - Income disparity - Homeownership rate - Mortgage payment - Single-parent households - Motor vehicle ownership - Telephone ownership - Functional plumbing - Overcrowding --- The Area Deprivation Index has its own web site (https://www.neighborhoodatlas.medicine.wisc.edu) ![](https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/30c94096-1589-42f3-b55a-3dd2c17da14d/downloads/atlas1.png?ver=1586543866437) --- ![](https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/30c94096-1589-42f3-b55a-3dd2c17da14d/downloads/atlas2.png?ver=1586543866437) --- #### There are some problems with the ADI - Missing observations are treated as having a value of zero - Rent: 18% missing - Mortgage: 13% missing - Median household income: 6% missing - Other variables: 1-2% missing - Original factor loadings from 2000 are used - Income disparity is not adjusted for inflation - Variables are highly heteroscedastic - Access to a phone means something different in 2020 than in 2000 --- #### Yost index vs. ADI (using 2011-2015 ACS data) -- - Yost index vs. ADI as published: `$$R^2 = 0.79$$` Where the two differ by >30 percentile points, Yost is higher over 90% of the time, because it used imputed rather than zero values missing data. -- - Yost index vs. ADI calculated the same way: `$$R^2 = 0.92$$` Differences are normally distributed and typically involve outliers in the variables unique to the ADI --- <img src="Presentation-to-NCI-April-9-2020_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-1-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- #### Yost index vs. ADI (continued) - Where ADI indicates a higher SES than Yost tend to be rural areas with low income but little income disparity, high rates of home ownership, few single-parent households, high vehicle ownership, and little crowding. (Examples in Arkansas, Alabama, Texas) -- - Where ADI indicates a lower SES than Yost tend to be urban and suburban areas with high cost of living but high income disparity, low rates of home ownership, many single-parent households, low vehicle ownership, and high crowding (Examples in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Washington DC) --- <img src="Presentation-to-NCI-April-9-2020_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-2-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- <img src="Presentation-to-NCI-April-9-2020_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-3-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- --- <br> <center>
</center> --- ![](https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/30c94096-1589-42f3-b55a-3dd2c17da14d/downloads/thyroidny.png?ver=1586543866437) --- ![](https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/30c94096-1589-42f3-b55a-3dd2c17da14d/downloads/lungny.png?ver=1586543866437) --- ![](https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/30c94096-1589-42f3-b55a-3dd2c17da14d/downloads/breastny.png?ver=1586543866437) --- ![](https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/30c94096-1589-42f3-b55a-3dd2c17da14d/downloads/insituny.png?ver=1586543866437) --- #### Conclusions - No single SES index will ever be perfect, but the Yost index has a lot of positive qualities - It is beyond time for socioeconomic measures to be a core element of population-based cancer surveillance ---